议论文的写作基础知识（推荐18篇）

　　议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。

　　议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。它不同于记叙文以形象生动的记叙来间接地表达作者的思想感情，也不同于说明文侧重介绍或解释事物的形状、性质、成因、功能等。总之，议论文是以理服人，记叙文是以事感人，说明文是以知授人。

　　议论是作者对客观事物进行分析、评论、说服，以表明自己的见解、主张、态度的表达方式，通常由论点 、论据、论证三部分构成。议论文题目分为论题，论点，寓意型。论题型为作者观点但以简洁为主，所以中心论点一般不能直接抄论题，论题型，论题型一般没有观点倾向性，例如：君子之交淡如水。寓意型一般与论题论点并存且不能直接作为中心论点要还原本意。

内容导航

议论文结构常见的考试题型三要素-介绍3学习方法考场如何写好议论文6、议论文写作更需要哲理的思考。议论文三要素-介绍4一、议论文的三要素三要素-介绍8议论文基础写法语言特点11、逻辑性体现。议论文写作细节种类1.立论文驳论文的破立结合议论文三要素-介绍15论证方法有以下几种：17.驳论文论证方式：

议论文结构

　　1、基本结构

　　1.基本结构是提出问题(引论)、分析问题(本论)和解决问题(结论)。

　　2、分类

　　2.如果从文章内容的逻辑关系来分析，议论文具体的结构形式可分两大类：

　　a.纵式：逐层深入的论述结构

　　例1.层层深入式，先提出论点后，循序渐进的去论证，把道理逐渐展开，最后归纳总结。

　　例2.正反论证式：先提出论点后，先从消极方面论证，然后进一步从积极方面论述。

　　b.横式：并列展开的论述结构

　　例如：

　　有总论——分论——总论式，先提出论点，而后从几个方面阐述，最后总结归纳;

　　有总论——分论式，先提出论点，然后从几个方面论证。

　　有分论——总论式，对所要论述的总是分几个方面剖析，然后综合归纳出结论。

　　总之，分析议论文的结构，先要弄明白中段落层次间的内在联系，还要注意文章中起着承上启下作用的过渡段，过渡句以及过渡词语。

常见的考试题型

　　1、论点(证明什么) 论点应该是作者看法的完整表述，在形式上是个完整的简洁明确的句子。从全文看，它必能统摄全文。表述形式往往是个表示肯定或否定的判断句，是明确的表态性的句子。

1. Argument (what to prove) An argument should be a complete statement of the author's views, which is a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. From the full text, it must be able to dominate the full text. The form of expression is often a positive or negative sentence, which is a clear statement.

　　A.把握文章的论点。 中心论点只有一个(统率分论点) ⑴明确： 分论点可有N个(补充和证明中心论点)

A. Grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (commanding sub arguments) ⑴ Clear: there can be N sub arguments (supplementing and proving the central argument)

　　⑵方法 ①从位置上找：如标题、开篇、中间、结尾。②分析文章的论据。(可用于检验预想的论点是否恰当) ③摘录法(只有分论点，而无中心论点)

⑵ Method ① Look for the position, such as title, opening, middle and ending. ② Analyze the argument of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Extract method (only sub argument, but no central argument)

　　B.分析论点是怎样提出的：①摆事实讲道理后归结论点; ②开门见山，提出中心论点;③针对生活中存在的现象，提出论题，通过分析论述，归结出中心论点; ④叙述作者的一段经历湖，归结出中心论点; ⑤作者从故事中提出问题，然后一步步分析推论，最后得出结论，提出中心论点。

B. Analyze how the argument is put forward: ① put facts and reason and then conclude the argument; ② Put forward the central argument to the point; ③ In view of the phenomenon existing in life, put forward the topic, and sum up the central argument through analysis and discussion; ④ Narrate the author's experience and sum up the central argument; ⑤ The author raises questions from the story, analyzes and infers step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

　　2、论据(用什么证明) ⑴论据的类型：①事实论据(举例后要总结，概述论据要紧扣论点);②道理论据(引用名言要分析)。

2. Arguments (with what to prove) ⑴ Types of arguments: ① Factual arguments (summarized after giving examples, and summarized arguments should be closely related to arguments); ② Rationale (Quote a famous saying and analyze it).

　　⑵论据要真实、可靠，典型(学科、国别、古今等)。 ⑶次序安排(照应论点);⑷判断论据能否证明论点; ⑸补充论据(要能证明论点)。

⑵ Arguments should be true, reliable and typical (disciplines, countries, ancient and modern times, etc.). (3) Order arrangement (refer to arguments); ⑷ Judge whether the argument can prove the argument; (5) Supplement arguments (to be able to prove arguments).

　　3、论证(怎样证明)

3. Argument (how to prove)

　　⑴论证方法 (须为四个字) ①举例论证(例证法) 事实论据 记叙 ②道理论证(引证法和说理) 道理论据 议论

(1) Argumentation method (four words) ① Demonstration with examples (example method) Factual argument narration ② Reasoning (quotation method and reasoning) Reasoning

　　③对比论证(其本身也可以是举例论证和道理论证) ④比喻论证 比喻 在说明文中为打比方，散文中为比喻。

③ Comparative argumentation (it can also be exemplified and reasoned) ④ Metaphorical argumentation is a metaphor in expository texts and a metaphor in prose.

　　⑵分析论证过程： ① 论点是怎样提出的; ②论点是怎样被证明的(用了哪些道理和事实，是否有正反两面的分析说理); ③联系全文的结构，是否有总结。

⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① how to put forward the argument; ② How the argument is proved (what principles and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); ③ Contact the structure of the full text and whether there is a summary.

　　⑶论证的完整性(答：使论证更加全面完整，避免产生误解)

(3) Integrity of the argument (Answer: make the argument more comprehensive and complete to avoid misunderstanding)

　　⑷分析论证的作用：证明该段的论点。

⑷ The role of analysis and demonstration: to prove the argument of this paragraph.

　　4、 议论文的结构 ⑴一般形式：①引论(提出问题)―――②本论(分析问题)―――③结论(解决问题)。

4. The structure of argumentative papers ⑴ General form: ① Introduction (raising questions) - ② This theory (analyzing problems) - ③ Conclusion (solving problems).

　　⑵类型： ①并列式 ②总分总式 ③总分式 ④分总式 ⑤递进式。

⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total sub total type ③ Total sub total type ④ Sub total type ⑤ Progressive type.

　　6、驳论文的阅读

6. Reading refuted papers

　　⑴作者要批驳的错误观点是什么? ⑵作者是怎样进行批驳的，用了哪些道理和论据; ⑶由此，作者树立的正确的观点是什么?

⑴ What is the author's wrong opinion to refute? ⑵ How did the author refute, and what reasons and arguments were used; ⑶ What is the correct point of view established by the author?

　　7、常见考点

7. Common examination sites

　　①、议论文的论点考点：第一，分清所议论的问题及针对这个问题作者所持的看法(即分清论题和论点)。 第二，注意论点在文中的位置：

① Argument points of argumentative paper: First, distinguish the issue being discussed and the author's views on this issue (i.e., distinguish the topic from the argument). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

　　(1)在文章的开头，这就是所谓开宗明义、开门见山的写法。

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called straightforward writing.

　　(2)在文章结尾，就是所谓归纳全文，篇末点题，揭示中心的写法。这种写法在明确表达论点时大多有。所以，总之，因此，总而言之，归根结底等总结性的词语。

(2) At the end of the article, it is called summing up the full text, making a point at the end of the article, and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is mostly used when explicitly expressing arguments. So, in a word, therefore, in a word, in the final analysis, and other summary words.

　　第三、分清中心论点和分论点： 分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语：首先、其次、第三等

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub argument: the sub argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has symbolic words: first, second, third, etc

　　第四、要注意论点的表述形式：有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。

Fourth, pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative paper has only one central point.

　　第五、通过论据来反推论点： 论据是为证明论点服务的，分析论据可以看出它证明什么，肯定什么，支持什么，这就是论点。

Fifth, we can infer from the argument: the argument serves to prove the argument. Analyzing the argument can see what it proves, what it affirms, and what it supports. This is the argument.

　　②、议论文的论据考点：论据是论点立足的根据，一般全为事实论据和道理论据。1、用事实作论据。事例必须真实可靠，有典型意义，能揭示事物本质并与论点有一定的逻辑联系。议论文中，对所举事例的叙述要简明扼要，突出与论点有直接关系的部分。明确论据时，不仅要知道文中哪些地方用了事实论据，还要会概括事实论据。概括时，要做到准确，必须依据论点将论据本质特点把握住，然后用确切的语言进行表述。 2、用作论据的言论，应有一定的权威性，直接引用时要原文照录，以真核对，不能断章取义;间接引用时不能曲解原意。

② Arguments of argumentation: Arguments are the basis for an argument to stand on. Generally, they are all facts and reasons. 1. Use facts as evidence. Examples must be true, reliable, typical, able to reveal the essence of things and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative papers, the description of the cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the arguments, we should not only know where the factual arguments are used in the text, but also summarize the factual arguments. When summarizing, to be accurate, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument, and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as the argument should be authoritative to a certain extent. When directly quoting, the original text should be recorded to check with the truth, and the words should not be taken out of context; The original meaning cannot be misinterpreted in indirect reference.

　　③、议论文的结构、层次考点： 结构有：并列式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、总分式结构。

③ The structure of argumentative papers and the examination points at different levels: the structure includes: juxtaposing structure, contrasting structure, hierarchical structure and total fractional structure.

　　此考点的基本形式：作者如何证明论点的?

The basic form of this examination point: How does the author prove the argument?

三要素-介绍3

　　议论文有三要素：论点、论据、论证。

There are three elements in argumentation: argument, argument and argumentation.

　　根据题目写出一个观点，再加以阐述说明，重要的是要有说服能力，三要素缺一不可，仔细看看下面的具体介绍，以后就可以多试着写作，这样作文才可以有长进。此外，还要多记一些名言警句和名人事例，以便在作文中更好的应用。

Write a point of view according to the topic, and then explain it. The important thing is to have the ability to persuade. One of the three elements is indispensable. Look carefully at the following specific introduction, and then you can try to write more, so that the composition can make progress. In addition, we should also remember some famous aphorisms and celebrity examples in order to better apply them in our compositions.

　　(一)论点

（1） Argument

　　(1)论点的含义：论点就是文章所要议论、阐述的观点，是作者要表达看法和主张。阅读议论文，首要的就是寻找、提取和理解文章的论点。

(1) Meaning of argument: An argument is the point of view to be discussed and elaborated in an article, and is the author's opinion and proposition to be expressed. When reading argumentative papers, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the argument of the article.

　　(2)论点有几个：一篇文章的论点，可以是一个，也可以不止一个。如果论点不止一个，那就需要明确中心论点。这几个论点(除中心论点外)可以是并列的，也可以是递进的，但它们都应该服从全文的中心论点。

(2) There are several arguments: the arguments of an article can be one or more. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments (except for the central argument) can be parallel or progressive, but they should be subject to the central argument of the full text.

　　(3)论点的位置：文章的论点可以安排在开头，也可以安排在文章的中间或结尾，有时会是标题。即可以安排在文章的任何位置。但较多情况是在文章的开头，段落论点也是如此。当开始与结尾出现类似的语句时，开头的为论点，结尾处的是呼应论点。

(3) Position of argument: The argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article, and sometimes the title. That is, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But most of the time it is at the beginning of the article, so is the argument in the paragraph. When similar sentences appear at the beginning and end, the beginning is the argument, and the end is the corresponding argument.

　　(4)论点的呈现方式：有的议论文的论点在文章中用明确的语句表达出来，我们只要把它们找出来即可;有的则没有用明确的语句直接表述出来，需要读者自己去提取、概括。

(4) Presentation of arguments: some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences, and need to be extracted and summarized by the readers themselves.

　　(5)论点的提出和确立要注意：

(5) Attention shall be paid to the proposition and establishment of the argument:

　　①正确性：论点的说服力根植于对客观事物的正确反映，而这又取决于作者的立场、观点、态度、方法是否正确，如果论点本身不正确，甚至是荒谬的，再怎么论证也不能说服人。因此，论点正确是议论文的最起码的要求。

① Correctness: The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect, or even absurd, no argument can convince people. Therefore, correct argument is the minimum requirement of argumentation.

　　②鲜明性：赞成什么、反对什么，要非常鲜明，而不能模棱两可，含混不清。

② Distinctness: What is in favor of and against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

　　③新颖性：论点应该尽可能新颖、深刻，能超出他人的见解，不是重复他人的老生常谈，也不是无关痛痒、流于一般的泛泛而谈，应该尽可能独特、新颖。

③ Novelty: The argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can exceed others' opinions. It is not a repetition of others' platitudes, nor a trivial and general talk. It should be as unique and novel as possible.

　　(二)论据

（2） Argument

　　(1)什么是论据：论据就是证明论点的材料、依据。

(1) What is an argument? An argument is the material and basis for proving an argument.

　　(2)论据的类型：

(2) Types of arguments:

　　①事实的材料作为论据的事实材料，可以是a. 具体的事例，b.概括的事实，c. 统计数字，

① Factual materials can be A Specific examples, B. General facts, C Statistics,

　　②理论的材料作为论据的理论材料，可以是a.前人的经典著作、至理名言，b. 民间的谚语和俗语，C.科学上的公理、规律等等。

② The theoretical materials as the theoretical materials of argument can be A. the classics and wisdom of predecessors, B Folk proverbs and sayings, C. Scientific axioms, laws, etc.

　　(3)使用论据的要求：①确凿性。我们必须选择那些确凿的、典型的事实。引用经过实践检验的理论材料作为论据时，必须注意所引理论本身的精确涵义。②典型性。引用的事例应该具有广泛的代表性，代表这一类事物的普遍特点和一般性质。③论据与论点的统一。论据是为了证明论点的，因此，两者应该联系紧密一致。

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose the concrete and typical facts. When quoting theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the precise meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typicality. The cited examples should be broadly representative, representing the general characteristics and general nature of such things. ③ The unity of argument and argument. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely linked.

　　(三)论证

（3） Argument

　　(1)什么是论证：论证就是用论据来证明论点的过程。议论文的论点是要解决“要证明什么”，论据是要解决“用什么来证明”，而论证是解决“如何进行论证”的问题。论证的目的在于揭示出论点和论据之间的内在逻辑关系。

(1) What is argumentation: argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove", and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments and arguments.

　　(2)论证的类型：议论文的论证一般分为立论和驳论两大类型。

(2) Types of argumentation: argumentation is generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

　　①立论是以充足的论据正面证明作者自己论点正确的论证方式;②驳论是以有力的论据反驳别人错误论点的论证方式。立论和驳论都是一种证明，无非一个是从正面证明其正确，而另一个是从反面证明其错误。它们可以使用基本相同的论证方法。

① Argumentation is a way to prove the correctness of the author's argument with sufficient evidence; ② A refutation is an argument that refutes the wrong arguments of others with powerful arguments. Argumentation and refutation are both proof. One is to prove its correctness from the front, and the other is to prove its error from the back. They can use basically the same reasoning method.

　　(3)基本的论证方法：包括三大类五种：归纳法、例证法、演绎法、比喻法、对比法。

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including three categories and five kinds: induction, illustration, deduction, analogy and comparison.

　　①归纳法。归纳论证是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。归纳法可以先举事例再归纳结论，也可以先提出结论再举例加以证明。前者即我们通常所说之归纳法，后者我们称为例证法。例证法就是一种用个别、典型的具体事例实证明论点的论证方法。

① Induction. Inductive argumentation is a method of argumentation from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or sub arguments, and then sums up their common characteristics. The inductive method can give examples first and then summarize conclusions, or put forward conclusions first and then give examples to prove them. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call exemplification. The method of exemplification is a demonstration method that uses individual and typical concrete examples to prove an argument.

　　②演绎法。演绎论证是一种由一般到个别的论证方法。它由一般原理出发推导出关于个别情况的结论，其前提和结论之间的联系是必须的。演绎法有三段论、假言推理、选言推理等多种形式，但最重要的是三段论。三段论由大前提、小前提和结论三部分组成。如大前提“凡金属都可以导电”、小前提“铁是金属”、结论“所以铁能导电”。

② Deductive method. Deductive argumentation is a method of argumentation from general to individual. It deduces the conclusion about individual cases from the general principle, and the connection between the premise and the conclusion is necessary. There are many forms of syllogism, hypothetical reasoning, disjunctive reasoning and so on, but the most important is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. For example, the major premise "all metals can conduct electricity", the minor premise "iron is metal", and the conclusion "so iron can conduct electricity".

　　③比较法。比较论证是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常将它分为二类，一类是类比法，另一类是对比法。类比法是将性质、特点在某些方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较，从而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质、特点在某些方面相反或对立的不同事物之间的比较来证明论点的方法。

③ Comparison method. Comparative argumentation is a method of argumentation from individual to individual. It is usually divided into two categories, one is analogy, the other is contrast. Analogy is a method to compare different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw conclusions. The contrast method is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose properties and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some aspects.

　　(4)论证方法也有叫举例论证、对比论证、引用论证、比喻论证。

(4) Argumentation methods are also called example argumentation, comparative argumentation, quotation argumentation and metaphor argumentation.

　　(5) 驳论方法：驳论有三种方法，即①反驳论点、②反驳论据、③反驳论证。由于议论文是由论点、论据、论证三部分有机构成的，因此驳倒了论据或论证，也就否定了论点，与直接反驳论点具有同样效果。一篇驳论文可以几种反驳方式结合起来使用，以加强反驳的力量和说服力。

(5) Method of refutation: There are three methods of refutation, namely ① refuting argument, ② refuting argument, and ③ refuting argument. Since argumentation is organically composed of argument, argument and argument, refuting argument or argument also negates argument, which has the same effect as directly refuting argument. A refutation paper can be combined with several refutation methods to strengthen the power and persuasion of refutation.

　　①反驳论点，即直接反驳对方论点本身的片面、虚假或谬误，这是驳论中最常用的方法。②反驳论据，即揭示对方论据的错误，以达到推倒对方论点的目的;因为错误的论据必定得出错误的论点。③反驳论证，即揭露对方在论证过程中的逻辑错误，如大前提、小前提与结论的矛盾，对方各论点之间的矛盾，论点与论据之间矛盾等等。

① To refute an argument is to directly refute the one-sided, false or fallacious argument of the other party, which is the most commonly used method in refutation. ② To refute an argument is to reveal the error of the argument of the other party in order to overthrow the argument of the other party; Because wrong arguments are bound to lead to wrong arguments. ③ To refute an argument is to expose the other party's logical errors in the argument process, such as the contradiction between the major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, and the contradiction between arguments and arguments.

学习方法

　　初学这些议论文的操作方法，

Learn how to operate these argumentative papers,

　　可以从模仿开始。以一篇文章为例。最典型的是吴晗的《谈骨气》 ：

You can start with imitation. Take an article as an example. The most typical is Wu Han's Talk about Bones:

　　1.引论部分：开篇提出论点：我们中国 人是有骨气的。

1. Introduction: The opening part puts forward the argument that we Chinese have backbone.

　　接着，用孟子的话解释论点“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。”

Then, in Mencius' words, he explained the argument that "wealth cannot be obscene, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be subdued."

　　2.本论部分 ：用三个事例分别证明论点：文天祥 的富贵不能淫;穷人不食嗟来之食的贫贱不能移，闻一多的威武不能屈。

2. This part: prove the argument with three examples: Wen Tianxiang's wealth cannot be obscene; The indigence of the poor who do not eat what they have earned cannot be removed, and Wen Yiduo's majesty cannot be subdued.

　　3.结论部分：解释当今无产阶级的骨气并发出号召。

3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of the proletariat today and issue a call.

　　三个部分之间都有过渡：在引论和本论之间有“我们祖 先的许多有骨气的动人 事迹，还有他积极的教育意义。”引出下面三个事例的叙述。本论和结论之间有“孟子的这些话，虽然在两千多年以前说的，但直到现在，还有他积极的意义。”进行过渡。

There is a transition between the three parts: between the introduction and this theory, there are "many touching deeds of our ancestors with backbone, as well as his positive educational significance." The following three examples are introduced. Between this theory and the conclusion, "Although these words of Mencius were said more than 2000 years ago, they still have a positive significance until now." Make the transition.

　　在第一和第二例之间，有“另一个故事”“还有个例子”进行过渡。这些过渡句，使文章浑然一体。

Between the first and second examples, there is a transition between "another story" and "another example". These transitional sentences make the article an integral whole.

　　三个部分分别回答了三个问题：引论部分解答 “是什么”的问题;本论部分解答“为什么(有骨气)”的问题;结论部分回答“我们怎么办”的问 题。

The three parts respectively answer three questions: the introduction part answers the question of "what is"; This theory partly answers the question of "why (have backbone)"; The conclusion part answers the question of "how do we do?".

　　三个事例都是概括叙述的，每个事例的后面都有几句简短的议论。这些议论阐明了事件所包含的意义，把事 例紧 紧地扣在论点上，是论点和论据联系的纽带，否则就就事论事，论点和论据脱节了。

The three cases are all summarized, and each case is followed by a few brief comments. These arguments illustrate the significance of the event, and tightly tie the case to the argument, which is the link between the argument and the argument. Otherwise, the argument will be the case, and the argument and the argument will be disconnected.

　　议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体。它通过列举事实材料和运用逻辑推理，来阐发，对事物的理解和认识，表明对问题的观点和态度。各行各业的人为了接受或表达思想，都需要经常阅读和写作这种文体。

Argumentation is a kind of style which takes argumentation as the main expression. It illustrates the understanding and understanding of things by enumerating factual materials and using logical reasoning to show the views and attitudes towards problems. In order to accept or express ideas, people from all walks of life need to read and write this style frequently.

　　一篇议论文，通常包含论点、论据、论证三大要素。论点是议论文所阐发的思想观点;论据是文中用来证明论点的根据;论证是论点与论据之间逻辑关系的揭示。这三者的紧密关系，构成了一篇议论文的主体。

An argumentative paper usually contains three elements: argument, argument and argument. Argument is the ideological point of view expounded in argumentation; Argument is the basis used to prove the argument in the text; Argument is the revelation of the logical relationship between arguments and arguments. The close relationship between the three constitutes the main body of an argumentative paper.

考场如何写好议论文

　　1.写好字

1. Write well

　　一篇内质不错的文章，字迹可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的：首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

An article with good internal quality is abominable, and its score is often not ideal. Why? First, the word and the paper are poor, so the score should be deducted according to the scoring requirements. Second, the "face" of the test paper controls the mood of the reviewer to a certain extent. Beautiful and neat writing is the best "coat" of an article. It is directly effective in forming the impression of the reviewer's score: first, the strokes should be clear. The clear strokes and correct fonts can leave a good impression on the reviewers. On the contrary, dragons are flying and phoenix are dancing all the way, but it is difficult to recognize. Even if the article is well written, it is hard to appreciate. Second, the font should be moderate. The font is too large, and the volume feels crowded and messy. The font is too small, and it is very laborious to read like ants. Third, try to avoid alteration. If you want to alter it, you must also alter it in a standardized way. Do not scribble, leaving eye-catching ink dots on the surface of the volume, causing a sense of disorder.

　　2.拟好题

2. Draw up questions

　　题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是：在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

The title is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information. As it ranks first in the article structure, the quality of the article title will also directly affect the first impression of the reviewer. The basic requirements of argumentative paper topic drafting are: to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy. Specifically, it can be distinctive, vivid, concise, chic, and neat. In a word, it is best to stimulate readers' reading interest or make them feel fresh.

　　议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。

The title of an argumentative paper should conform to the stylistic features and be clear, so that people can see its title and know its purpose. The article with distinctive views is most popular with the reviewers, because it has a sense of clarity and transparency, can convey the general content of the article, so that the reviewers can accurately and quickly grasp the basic content of the whole article.

　　3.开好头

3. Start well

　　高尔基说过：“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

Gorky said, "(at the beginning) it's like the tune in music. It gives the tone of the whole song, which is where the author spends his time." The beginning of argumentation should be short, fast and beautiful. Short, that is to say, it is better to introduce this theory in three or two sentences. Short beginning can avoid verbosity, and short sentences are in paragraphs, highlighting the importance of their content in space. Fast, that is, quick entry into the topic. It's better to point out the basic points or topics of the article in a few words. Because there is a detailed rule of "clear center" in the scoring standard. Determining the center at the beginning of the article is conducive to grading by grade, and it is also conducive to the author's discussion, so that there will be no major taboos in composition, such as unclear theme and midway topic change. Beautiful means wonderful. This is also called "phoenix head" in traditional literary theory. The most outstanding effect of a wonderful beginning is to attract and leave a good impression on the readers. The beginning of the article should be wonderful. Use metaphor, analogy, parallelism and other rhetoric to introduce the argument. You can also quote famous quotes and tell fables to introduce the topic.

　　4.中间段写好首句和末句

4. Write the first sentence and the last sentence in the middle

　　议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

Whether the structure of argumentation is rigorous, whether the organization is clear, whether the argument is rigorous, and whether the argument is typical, the key lies in the writing of the middle paragraph. While structure, organization, argumentation and argument are important rules for argumentation scoring, therefore, argumentation writing should try to meet these standards.

　　常见的论述模式是：首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

The common argumentation mode is: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence connecting the preceding and the following; Centering on small arguments, use appropriate facts and theoretical arguments, or analyze and reason for some phenomena in real life; Finally, I will write one or two sentences in summary based on the discussion content. The writing of the first sentence and the last sentence is the most important, which can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the full text. In addition, the overall argument structure of the article is often positive and negative. As long as we talk about many principles from both sides, we can basically be rigorous. Using this composition mode skillfully in the examination room can quickly start writing, reduce mistakes and save time. At the same time, it can enable the reviewer to conveniently score items above the middle level according to the scoring standard, and avoid personal scoring factors that are not conducive to the examinee.

　　5.典型而鲜活的论据

5. Typical and vivid arguments

　　论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。

Argument is the soul of argumentation, sub argument is the skeleton that supports this soul, and argument is the flesh and blood of argumentation. A person should be full and colorful. It is unimaginable to have soul and skeleton without flesh and blood. The same argumentation can not be called an article only if it has a central argument and a sub argument. It must also have typical and fresh arguments.

　　典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。相反，选取人无我有、人有我新的论据说理，使阅卷者在阅读时产生新鲜感，效果会更好。另外，有些同学习惯用古代事例阐述事理，整篇文章未能联系实际，无时代的活水，也不能达到充分说理的目的。最好能引述时尚言论和当前媒体普遍关注的事例辅助说理，加强说理的针对性、时代感，使文章更具说服力。

Typical arguments refer to representative examples and quotes that can fully reflect the essence of things. First of all, it needs to be true and relevant to the subject. Secondly, we should discard the old arguments and replace them with new ones. Some students remember several classic arguments in their compositions, such as Sima Qian, Madame Curie, and Zhang Haidi, and use them from different angles, treating them as kaleidoscopic oil. In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they cannot be noticeable. On the contrary, it will be better to choose new arguments to argue that no one has his own, and everyone has his own. In addition, some students are used to using ancient examples to explain things. The whole article fails to connect with reality, and there is no living water of the times, so it cannot achieve the goal of full reasoning. It is better to quote fashionable remarks and examples that are widely concerned by the current media to assist in reasoning, strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times of reasoning, and make the article more persuasive.

　　6.结好尾

6. Tie the tail

　　结尾是全文内容发展的必然结果，是文章结构的重要组成部分。现代著名作家师陀曾说：“写文章不管长短，首先要考虑好结尾。有了结尾，如何开头，中间如何安排，便迎刃而解了。”好的结尾当如豹尾，响亮有力，令人警醒，催人奋进。如鲁迅的《论雷峰塔的倒掉》，结尾只有两个字：“活该!”短短两字，可谓简洁之至，力透纸背。

The end is the inevitable result of the development of the full text content and an important part of the article structure. Shi Tuo, a famous modern writer, once said, "No matter how long or short an article is, you should first consider the end. With an end, how to begin, and how to arrange the middle, you can easily solve the problem." A good ending should be like a leopard's tail, loud and powerful, alarming and inspiring. For example, Lu Xun's "On the Fall of Leifeng Pagoda" ends with only two words: "You deserve it!" Just two words, it can be said that it is very simple and powerful.

　　其实，文章的结尾有时比开头还重要。由于阅卷者看完结尾后即开始打分，因此，它的好坏还直接影响到阅卷者的评分心理。李渔曾说：“篇际之终当以媚语摄魂，使之执卷流连，若难遽别。”结尾如有此种效果，整篇文章将增色不少。议论文结尾的写作，要收束全文，突出中心论点;要体现全文结构的紧凑、完整，不能草率收兵，也不能画蛇添足;语言要干脆有力、清音留响，富有启发性和鼓舞性。

In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. As the reviewer starts scoring after reading the end, its quality also directly affects the scoring psychology of the reviewer. Li Yu once said, "At the end of the article, we should use flattering words to absorb our souls and make them linger on. If it is difficult to leave suddenly," If the ending has such effect, the whole article will be enhanced. The writing of the end of argumentative paper should focus on the full text and highlight the central argument; It should reflect the compact and complete structure of the full text. It should not be hastily drawn in, nor should it gild the lily; The language should be simple and powerful, clear, inspiring and inspiring.

　　7.语言形象畅达

7. Fluent language image

　　语言项是作文评分的重要标准。议论文的语言，要准确鲜明，生动形象。有些同学写议论文，常摆出说大道理的架式，将哲学原理和辩证法的术语一股脑搬出来，以求说理的充分、透彻，但效果适得其反。

Language item is an important criterion for composition grading. The language of argumentation should be accurate, vivid and vivid. Some students, when writing argumentative papers, often put forward the form of saying big truths, and copied the terms of philosophical principles and dialectics all at once, in order to argue fully and thoroughly, but the effect was counterproductive.

　　一个道理有一千种说法，要尽量选用形象生动的说法。要显形象生动之效，除了采用比喻、类比、事例等论证方法外，形象畅达乃至华美的语言必不可少.修饰议论文的语言，注意运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等修辞，使文章形成华美流畅感;注意运用假设句、反问句或整句，使文章增强不可辩驳之势。修饰语言之功，虽不是一朝一夕可成，但只要积久成习，自然会有长进.

There are 1000 kinds of explanations for a truth, so try to choose vivid ones. In order to show the vivid effect, in addition to using metaphor, analogy, examples and other demonstration methods, vivid and even beautiful language is essential Modify the language of argumentation, pay attention to the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, parallelism, antithesis and repetition, so as to make the article beautiful and fluent; Pay attention to the use of hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable. Although the work of modifying language can not be accomplished overnight, it will certainly make progress as long as it is practiced over time

6、议论文写作更需要哲理的思考。

　　尤其是议论文，是奖善惩恶的，是对 人们进行规劝疏导的，是对人们引导作用的，因此必须有说服力，并要有正确 的价值取向。

In particular, argumentative essays reward good and punish evil, exhort and guide people, so they must be persuasive and have a correct value orientation.

　　认真上政治课，经 常的看看说理性的文章、名言警句等，将提高我们的思想素质，提高我 们认识能力，对我们写作，尤其是议论文 的写作大有好处。它会起到丰富文章内容，深化文章思想，提高说服力的 作用。

Taking political lessons seriously and reading rational articles, famous sayings and aphorisms regularly will improve our ideological quality and cognitive ability, which is of great benefit to our writing, especially argumentative writing. It will enrich the content of the article, deepen the idea of the article and improve the persuasiveness.

议论文三要素-介绍4一、议论文的三要素

　　1.论点：是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅，任何一 篇文章只有一个中心论点 ，一般可以有分论点。论点应该正确、鲜明、概括，是一个完整的判断句。绝不可模棱两可。

　　论点的位置一般有四个：

　　①文题

　　②开头

　　③文章中间

　　④结尾

　　2.论据

　　用来证明论 点的材料，有事实论据和理论论据两种。

　　选用事实论据 要注意：

　　①必须具有典型性。古今中外的都可以。是 大多数人所知道的，最起码是登过报纸上过电视的。

　　②最好具有新颖性。

　　③论据的表述要准确、叙述要概括 ，能证明论点即可。

　　选用的理论论据要注意：

　　①可以是名言、警句、俗话、谚语、定理、公式等，但是不能选取小说中的比如：保尔之类的。

　　②要精 确，不能 篡改、歪曲。

　　③和论点有必然联系，能证明论点的。

　　3.论证：论证时使用论据证明论点 的过程。

　　①论证的基本类型：立论、驳论。立论从正面论述，驳论从反面论述。我们写议论文一般以立 论为主。

　　②论证的基本结构层次：三段论式的结构。

　　提出问题(是什么)→分析问题(为什 么)→解决问题(怎么办)

　　也即：引论 本论 结论

　　常见的论证结构：

　　a、总分式结构 b、对照式结构 c、层进式结构 d、并列式结构

　　③常用的论证方法：

　　a、例证法(也叫举例论证)：用典型事例 作论据来证明论点，俗话说事实胜于 雄辩。

　　b、引证法(也叫道理论证)除引用上述介绍的理论论据以外，还 可以引用一些古 典诗词中的名句，它一方面能加强论证的力量，另一方面，它还可以丰富文章的内容，增强议论 文的文学性。

　　c、对比论证(也叫正反论证)：这种方法可以增强论证的鲜明性，使读者清楚作者赞成什么，反对什么。

　　d、喻证法(也叫比喻论证)，增强了作品论证的形象性、文学性、说服力。

　　e、类比论证

三要素-介绍8

　　议论文三要素：1、论点 2、论据 3、论证

Three elements of argumentation: 1. Argument 2. Argument 3. Argument

　　1、文章举例

1. Article Examples

　　《坚持就是胜利》

Persistence is Victory

　　人们都想在事业或学业上取得成功，爱迪生发明了蓄电池， 被人们授予“发明大王”的美称。

People all want to succeed in their careers or studies. Edison invented the battery and was awarded the reputation of "king of invention".

　　狄更斯和爱迪生就是靠坚持而取得最后的胜利的。坚持，使狄更斯为人们留下许多优秀著作，也为世界文学宝库增添了许多精品;坚持，使爱迪生攻克了许许多多的难关，为人类的进步作出不可磨灭的贡献。可见，坚持能够使人取得事业和学业上的成功。

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by perseverance. Persistence has made Dickens leave many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature; Adherence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and make indelible contributions to human progress. It can be seen that persistence can make people succeed in their careers and studies.

　　那些失败者往往是在最后时刻未能坚持住而放弃努力，与成功失之交臂。曾记得德国一位化学家在海水中提取碘时，似乎发现一种新元素，但是面对这繁琐的提炼与实验，他退却了。当另一化学家用了一年时间，经过无数次实验，终于为元素家族再添新成员——“溴”而名垂千古时，那位德国化学家只能默默地看着对方沉浸在胜利的喜悦之中。这两位化学家，一位坚持住了，取得了胜利;另一位却没有坚持住，未能取得成功。可见，能否坚持是取得胜利的最后一道障碍。在最黑暗的时刻，也就是光明就要到来的时刻，越在这样的时刻，越需要坚持。因为坚持就是胜利。(常天琦)

Those who fail often fail to stick to it at the last moment and give up their efforts to miss success. I remember that a German chemist seemed to find a new element when he extracted iodine from seawater, but he retreated in the face of this tedious refining and experiment. When another chemist spent a year, after countless experiments, and finally became famous for adding a new member of the element family - "bromine", the German chemist could only watch the other side silently immersed in the joy of victory. One of the two chemists persevered and won; The other did not persevere and failed to succeed. It can be seen that perseverance is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when light is coming, the more such a moment, the more we need to adhere to it. Because perseverance is victory. (Chang Tianqi)

　　(在浸液中通入Cl而错失发现溴的机会的科学家是德国化学家李比希，发现溴的是法国科学家巴拉尔)1、论点　论点是作者在文章中提出的对某一个问题或某一类事件的看法、观点、主张，它要求要正确 、鲜明、有针对性，一般表现在文章题目，或第一句话，或结尾。如《坚持就是胜利》一文的论点就是一个人要想取得学业上或事业上的成功，坚持是一个重要条件。

(The scientist who lost the opportunity to find bromine by introducing CL into the immersion solution was German chemist Li Bixi, and the scientist who found bromine was French scientist Balar.) 1. Arguments are the opinions, views and propositions put forward by the author on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which require to be correct, clear and targeted, usually expressed in the title, or the first sentence, or the end of the article. For example, the argument in the article "Persistence is victory" is that persistence is an important condition for a person to succeed in his studies or career.

　　2、论据

2. Argument

　　论据是证明论点正确的证据。要想证明论点的正确，首先，论据必须让人觉得真实、可信，能够充分证明论点。其次，论据要具有典型性，能收到“以一当十”的效果。第三，论据要新颖，尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据。

An argument is proof that an argument is correct. In order to prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic, credible and able to fully prove the argument. Secondly, the arguments should be typical and can achieve the effect of "one for ten". Third, the arguments should be novel. Try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and inspiration.

　　如在《坚持就是胜利》一文中举的狄更斯、爱迪生和德国化学家的正反两个方面的事例，都是用来证明论点的论据，既具有典型性，又让人觉得真实可信。

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and German chemists in the article "Persistence is victory" are used to prove the argument, which is both typical and authentic.

　　3、论证过程

3. Demonstration process

　　论证就是用论据来证明论点的过程，论证的目的在于揭示出论点和论据之间的内在逻辑关系。

Argument is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments and arguments.

议论文基础写法

　　论点的基本要求是：作者的主张看法和观点;论据基本要求是：事实论据(名人事例)和道理论据(有权威性的名言，格言，诗句和俗句);论证的基本要求是：对比说理、比喻说理和引证法。

The basic requirements of the argument are: the author's opinion and viewpoint; The basic requirements of arguments are: factual arguments (celebrity examples) and rational arguments (authoritative famous quotes, maxims, poetic lines and popular sentences); The basic requirements of argumentation are: comparative reasoning, figurative reasoning and quotation.

　　写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。

To write an argumentative paper, you should consider the argument, what to use as evidence to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. It can be to put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene, analyze the truth from the facts layer by layer, and generalize a new conclusion. This writing method is called total fraction, which is a composition method often used by middle school students. You can also put forward a question that people care about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step. This is a difficult way to write. In addition, the author intentionally compares and contrasts two different things in the opposite way, and then draws a conclusion. This is a comparative writing method.

语言特点

　　①准确、严密②概括性和简洁性。③使用修辞，体现其用词鲜明、生动和感情色彩。

① Accuracy and strictness ② Generality and conciseness. ③ Use rhetoric to show its vivid, vivid and emotional use of words.

11、逻辑性体现。

　　议论文的语言必须准确、鲜明、严密、有针对性。

The language of argumentation must be accurate, clear, rigorous and targeted.

　　段落与段落之间 要有非常清楚的逻辑关系 ，如总分 、对照 、层进 、并列等。借助起过渡性作用的语句来突出这种关系。如：“有”、“还有”“虽 然、但是”“固然”“诚然”“由此”是等。

There should be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs, such as total score, cross reference, level progression, juxtaposition, etc. Use the transitional sentences to highlight this relationship. For example, "there are", "there are", "although", "certainly", "certainly", "thus", etc.

议论文写作细节

　　(一)认真思考

（1） Think hard

　　1.高瞻远瞩：站得高，看得远，不要就事论事。有时看上去好像没有什么，但认真分析一下还是能够发现问题。在看似没有问题的问题中发现了问题，这就是高瞻远瞩。

1. Look far: stand high and see far, don't talk about things. Sometimes it seems nothing, but a careful analysis can still find problems. It is foresight to find problems in seemingly no problems.

　　2.见微知著：也就是说，要从报微小的事物中看到一种发展的趋势，看到一种大的事情。

2. Seeing small things: that is to say, we should see a trend of development and a big thing from small things.

　　3.由表及里：要从表面深入到事物的本质进行分析。

3. From the outside to the inside: analyze from the surface to the essence of things.

　　4.由此及彼：有时两个事物看上去没有什么联系，其实他们有一定的内在联系，你要能把他们挂起钩来。

4. From here to there: Sometimes two things seem to have no connection, but actually they have a certain internal connection. You should be able to hook them up.

　　(二)注意材料

（2） Pay attention to materials

　　1.占有材料

1. Possession of materials

　　2.库存材料：当今社会是信息化社会，信息对做什么事情都很重要，也要以信息化来促进教学质量。信息是仓库，有的同学说来说去就那么几句话，就因为摄入的信息量少，所以要善于捕捉信息，占有库存材料。

2. Inventory materials: Today's society is an information society. Information is very important for everything, and information should also be used to promote teaching quality. Information is a warehouse. Some students just say a few words, because the amount of information they take in is small, so they should be good at capturing information and occupying inventory materials.

　　3.运用材料：在写作时，要对储存的材料库进行筛选，提取你所需要的材料。

3. Use materials: When writing, you should screen the stored material library and extract the materials you need.

　　(三)语言表达

（3） Language expression

　　分析提炼出了观点，又筛选好了材料，接下来就是语言表达了。语言不在华丽，关键是准确、简洁，历来大作家们的作品看起来都不是很华丽，但却读起来琅琅上口，耐人咀嚼，而且能经得起时代的考验，就像我们现在读鲁迅的作品，一样能感到语言很优美。其实，大部分同学语言表达不成问题，主要的问题就是材料少，立意不高。[1]

After the analysis and extraction of ideas and screening of materials, the next step is language expression. The language is not gorgeous, but the key is accuracy and conciseness. The works of great writers all the time do not look very gorgeous, but they are catchy, chewable, and can withstand the test of the times. Just like Lu Xun's works, we can feel the language is beautiful. In fact, most of the students can't express themselves in language. The main problem is that there are few materials and their ideas are not high. [1]

种类1.立论文

　　1.定义：以议论为主要表达方式，通过讲事实，摆道理，直接表达自己的观点和主张的文章体裁。

1. Definition: a genre of articles that directly express their own views and propositions by taking argumentation as the main form of expression, and by telling facts and putting reasons in order.

　　2.要求：①要对论述的问题有正确的看法②用充足有说服力的论据③要言之有理，合乎逻辑

2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view on the issues discussed ② Use sufficient and convincing arguments ③ Be reasonable and logical

驳论文的破立结合

　　定义：先指出对方错误的实质，再批驳已指出的错误论点，并在批驳的同时或之后针锋相对地提出自己的正确观点加以论证。

Definition: First point out the essence of the other party's mistake, then refute the pointed wrong argument, and at the same time or after the refutation, put forward your own correct point of view for demonstration.

议论文三要素-介绍15

　　详细说明议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentation: argument, argument and demonstration

　　论点

argument

　　定义：作者对所议论的问题(事件，现象，人物，观念等)所持的见解和主张

Definition: the author's views and propositions on the discussed issues (events, phenomena, characters, concepts, etc.)

　　形式：针对话题的带有明确的表态性的完整的判断句

Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement on the topic

　　1.议论文一般只有一个中心论点，有的议论文还围绕中心论点提出几个分论点，分论点是用来补充或证明中心论点的，只要研究这些论点的关系，就可以分出主从。

1. The argumentation generally has only one central argument. Some argumentations also put forward several sub arguments around the central argument. The sub arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as the relationship between these arguments is studied, the principal and subordinate can be separated.

　　2.如何找中心论点。论点应该是明确的判断，是作者看法的完整陈述，在形式上应该是完整的句子。位置可分：文章标题、文章开头、文章结尾、文章中间，有的则需要读者概括。一般的格式为(……)是(……)(但在考试中，最好要明确论点，因为阅卷老师没有过多时间去阅读，最好让他们一目了然。以防止给自己带来不必要的扣分)

2. How to find the central argument. An argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's views, and a complete sentence in form. The position can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by the reader. The general format is (...) is (

　　注意：反问句与比喻句不能作为论点

Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments

　　论据

argument

　　是支撑论点的材料，是作者用来证明论点的理由和根据

It is the material supporting the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument

　　1.事实论据：事实在议论文中论据作用十分明显，分析事实，看出道理，检验它与文章点在逻辑上是否一致。(代表性的事例，确凿的数据，可靠的史实等)。事实论据又包括事例和数据。

1. Factual argument: Facts play an obvious role in argumentation. Analyze facts, find out the truth, and check whether they are logically consistent with the points of the article. (Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc.). Factual arguments include examples and data.

　　2.道理论据：作为论据的理论总是读者比较熟悉的，或者是为社会普遍承认的，它们是对大量事实抽象，概括的结果。理论论据又包括名言警句、谚语格言以及作者的说理分析。

2. Rationale: Theories as arguments are always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are abstract and generalized results of a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous aphorisms, proverbs and the author's reasoning analysis.

　　论证

demonstration

　　运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法

The process and method of using arguments to prove arguments

　　论点

argument与分论点的关系：证明与被证明

　　议论文中的论点和论据是通过论证组织起来的。论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法，是论点和论据之间的逻辑关系纽带。论点是解决“需要证明什么”，论据是解决“用什么来证明”，论证是解决“怎样证明”。

Arguments and arguments in argumentation are organized through argumentation. Argument is the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, and is the logical link between arguments and arguments. The argument is to solve "what needs to be proved", the argument is to solve "what to prove", and the argument is to solve "how to prove".

论证方法有以下几种：

　　1.举例论证(事实论证)：列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点;(作用：具体有力地论证了观点(主论点或分论点)，增强文章的说服力)

1. Demonstration by examples (factual demonstration): list solid, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub argument) concretely and forcefully to enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

　　2.道理论证：用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解，古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的定理公式等来证明论点;(作用：有力地论证了观点(主论点或分论点)，增强文章的权威性和说服力)

2. Rationale demonstration: prove the argument with the incisive insights in the classic works of Marxism Leninism, the famous aphorisms of celebrities at all times and in all over the world, and the universally recognized theorem formulas; (Function: powerfully demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub argument), and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

　　3.对比论证：拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比，在对比中证明论点;(作用：突出全面地论证观点(主论点或分论点)，让人印象深刻)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison; (Function: highlight the overall argument (main argument or sub argument), which is impressive)

　　4.比喻论证：用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。(作用：生动形象地论证了观点(主论点或分论点)，使文章浅显易懂，易于理解和接受)此外，在驳论中，往往还采用“以子之矛，攻子之盾”的批驳方法和“归谬法”。在多数议论文中往往是综合运用的。

4. Metaphorical argument: use the familiar things as a metaphor to prove the argument. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub argument), so that the article is easy to understand, understand and accept.) In addition, in the refutation, the refutation method of "using the spear of a child to attack the shield of a child" and the "reduction to absurdity" are often used. In most argumentative papers, it is often used comprehensively.

　　5.引用论证：引用论证比较复杂，这与具体的引用材料有关，有引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况。(作用：【要具体分析】如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据，可以增强论证的说服力和权威性;引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事，可以增强论证的趣味性，吸引读者下读。)

5. Citation and argumentation: Citation and argumentation are relatively complex, which is related to specific citation materials, including quotes from celebrities, aphorisms, authoritative data, celebrities' anecdotes, jokes and anecdotes, etc. (Function: [Specific analysis] If you quote famous quotes, aphorisms and authoritative data, you can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; if you quote anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities, you can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.)

17.驳论文

　　1.定义：论辩是针对对方的观点加以批驳，在批驳的同时阐述己方的观点

1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other's point of view, and explain your own point of view while refuting

　　2.方式：①提出论点②证明论点③总结论点

2. Method: ① put forward argument ② prove argument ③ summarize argument

论证方式：

　　议论文从论证方式看，一般分为立论和驳论两种。

From the perspective of argumentation, argumentation is generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

　　(1)立论：立论是对一定的事件或问题从正面阐述作者的见解和主张的论证方法。

(1) Argumentation: Argumentation is a method of demonstrating the author's opinions and propositions on certain events or problems.

　　(2)驳论：驳论是就一定的事件和问题发表议论，揭露和驳斥错误的、反动的见解

(2) Refutation: refutation is to make comments on certain events and problems, expose and refute wrong and reactionary opinions

　　1.立论：立论是对一定的事件或问题从正面阐述作者的见解和主张的论证方法。表明自己的态度时，要注意以下三点：

1. Argumentation: Argumentation is a method of demonstrating the author's opinions and propositions on certain events or problems from a positive perspective. When expressing your attitude, you should pay attention to the following three points:

　　(1)这些看法和主张必须是经过认真的思考或者一定的实践，确实是自己所独有的正确的认识和见解，或者是切实能解决实际问题的主张。要使读者感到有新意，增长知识，提高对事物的认识。

(1) These views and propositions must be carefully considered or put into practice, and they are really their own unique correct understanding and opinions, or propositions that can actually solve practical problems. Readers should feel new, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.

　　(2)必须围绕所论述的问题和中心论点来进行论证。开篇提出怎样的问题，结篇要归结到这一问题。在论证过程中，不能离题万里，任意发挥，或者任意变换论题。如果有几个分论点，每个分论点都要与中心论点有关联，要从属于中心论点。所有论证都要围绕中心论点进行。这样读者才能清楚地了解分论点和中心论点。议论文的逻辑性很强，论证必须紧扣中心，首尾一致。

(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues and central arguments discussed. What kind of question is put forward at the beginning of the article, and it should be summed up in the end. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from the topic, give free play to it, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub arguments, each sub argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. In this way, the reader can clearly understand the sub argument and the central argument. Arguments are very logical. Arguments must be closely centered and consistent from beginning to end.

　　(3)“立”往往建立在“破”的基础之上。在立论的过程中，需要提到一些错误的见解和主张，加以否定和辩驳，以增强说服力，使读者不会误解自己的观点。

(3) "Standing" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, it is necessary to mention some wrong opinions and propositions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance the persuasiveness and make readers not misunderstand their own views.

　　2.驳论：驳论是就一定的事件和问题发表议论，揭露和驳斥错误的、反动的见解或主张。

2. Bargaining: Bargaining is to make comments on certain events and problems, expose and refute wrong and reactionary opinions or propositions.

　　(1)反驳论点。反驳主要是反驳论点，因为议论的根本目的在于阐述见解，发表观点，如果我们不能同意对方的观点和见解，那就要用各种方法来批驳、否定这一观点、见解，指出它的荒谬或虚假。反驳论点就是针对对方论点直接驳斥。

(1) Refute an argument. The main purpose of refutation is to refute arguments, because the fundamental purpose of argumentation is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we cannot agree with the other party's views and opinions, we should use various methods to refute and deny such views and opinions, and point out their absurdity or falsehood. To refute an argument is to directly refute the argument of the other party.

　　反驳论点的方法之一是直截了当地指出某一论点的错误，用确凿的、不可辩驳的事实来直接反驳，或者从理论上进行透彻的分析和解剖，直接指出错误所在。

One of the ways to refute an argument is to point out the error of an argument directly, refute it directly with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or analyze and dissect it thoroughly in theory, and point out the error directly.

　　反驳论点的另一种方法是归谬法。归谬法是以某一个论点为前提，按照逻辑规律进行合理的引申，但是引申出来的结论却是荒谬的。由于引申出来的结论无法成立，因此，引申出这一结论的论点也就不能成立。写作中对一些似是而非的模糊认识，运用归谬论证揭示其“非”，能收到澄清认识的良好效果。

Another way to refute an argument is to reduce it to absurdity. The reduction to absurdity is a reasonable extension based on a certain argument and logical rules, but the conclusion drawn is absurd. Since the extended conclusion cannot be established, the argument that extends this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, we can get a good effect of clarifying the understanding of some specious vague knowledge by using fallacy proof to reveal its "non".

　　反驳论点还可用反证法，即作者并不直接指出对方论点的谬误所在，而是建立起一个与对方论点针锋相对的新论点，通过充分论证使这一新论点树立起来，于是与之相对的论点便不驳自倒了。

The refutation argument can also be refuted by the method of counterevidence, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument, but establishes a new point of view that is in direct opposition to the other party's argument, and sets up this new argument through full demonstration, so that the opposite argument will not refute itself.

　　运用反证法应注意的是，所反驳的论点与自己所证明的论点应是互相对立，不能相容的。这样才符合逻辑学上矛盾律的要求，达到肯定这个否定另一个的目的。

When using the method of contradiction, we should pay attention to that the argument we refute and the argument we prove should be opposite and incompatible. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the goal of affirming this and denying the other.

　　(2)反驳论据。反驳论据，这是一种釜底抽薪的反驳对方论点的途径。在论证过程中，论据乃是论点赖以支撑的支柱，如果论据不能成立，那么论点就失去依托，不攻而自垮。

(2) Rebuttal arguments. It is a way to refute the arguments of the other party. In the process of argument, the argument is the support of the argument. If the argument cannot be established, the argument will lose its support and collapse without attack.

　　(3)反驳论证。反驳论证，这是通过揭露对方在论证过程中论据与论点之间不符合逻辑关系的漏洞来否定对方所提出的论点。进行这样的论证，需要对于对方的言论作冷静的分析，发现其中逻辑推理上自相矛盾之处，然后予以有力的揭露。

(3) Rebuttal argument. To refute argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other party by exposing the loopholes that do not conform to the logical relationship between arguments and arguments in the process of argument. To carry out such an argument, it is necessary to make a sober analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the logical contradictions in them, and then forcefully expose them.

　　(4)分 道理论证、比喻论证和事实论证。

(4) It is divided into rational argument, figurative argument and factual argument.