记叙文常用写作方法【四篇】

时间：2022-11-26 12:57:15 | 来源：语文通

　　记叙文的写作一般分写景状物类的，写人记事类的等。不管是写什么类型的，我觉得要想写好做到心中有数，必须先观察。写作是一种创造性的思维活动，而创造的前提，首先就得观察。当然了，要想写好一篇记叙文，进行训练的项目是多种多样的，但是观察是少不了的，也是最重要的，重中之重。咱们以往谈观察，一般都能明确的告诉学生要用什么样的方法进行观察，比方说，静态观察法、动态观察法、移步换景观察法、顺序观察法等等，这些都是写记叙文离不开的基本观察方法，也是必须做到的，没有观察就没有发现，不会观察就很难有创新的发现，有许多生活中的新思想、新主题的发掘都赖于最新的最科学的观察方法。在思维指导下观察，在观察中锻炼思维、活跃思维，是写好作文的关键。我这里要强调的是有一种观察方法少不了，也是最行之有效的，那就是瞬间观察法。有的景物变化很快，一瞬间就没有了，比如一阵风，一阵雨，一场冰雹等等，许多丰富多彩的景象，都是一瞬间急剧的发生，错过了也就失去了，因此学会瞬间观察是很重要的，对写作各种类型的记叙文至关重要。雨后的彩虹非常美丽，稍纵即逝。美丽的流星一扫而过，要是掌握不了瞬间观察方法，那就是遇见了也是白遇见了。

内容导航

常见写作方法、表现手法：常用的表达方式：常用的修辞手法：记叙文常用写作手法

常见写作方法、表现手法：

　　联想、想像、象征(托物言志)、比较、对比、衬托、反衬、烘托、以小见大、借景抒情(情景交融)、伏笔和铺垫、前后照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、扬抑(欲扬先抑、欲抑先扬)。作用分别如下：

Association, imagination, symbolization (expressing one's aspirations by objects), comparison, contrast, setting off, contrast, contrast, contrast, setting off, seeing the big from the small, expressing one's feelings by means of scenery (blending feelings with scenes), foreshadowing and foreshadowing, echoing back and forth (echoing), direct (indirect) description, and promotion and suppression (desire to promote first, desire to suppress first). The functions are as follows:

　　1、象征(托物言志)：通过咏物来抒情，常常借助于某些具体植物、动物、物品等的一些特性，委婉曲折地将作者的感情表达出来。

1. Symbolism (expressing one's will based on objects): expressing one's feelings through chanting objects, and often expressing the author's feelings tactfully and tortuously with the help of some specific characteristics of plants, animals, objects, etc.

　　作用：首先是它把抽象的事理表现为具体的可感知的形象。其次是可以使文章更含蓄些，运用眼前之物，寄托深远之意。

Function: First of all, it represents abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, it can make the article more subtle, and use the things in front of you to express profound meaning.

　　2、衬托：以他体从正面、反面两个角度陪衬本体。作用：突出本体的××特征。

2. Set off: set off the noumenon from the front and the back with his body. Function: highlight the noumenon ×× features.

　　3、对比：把两种相反的事物或一种事物相对立的两个方面作比较。

3. Contrast: To compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.

　　作用：鲜明的突出了主要事物或事物的主要方面的××特征。

Function: Distinctly highlighting the main things or aspects of things ×× features.

　　4、借景抒情：通过描写具体生动的自然景象或生活场景，表达作者某种真挚的思想感情。

4. Lying by scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing specific and vivid natural scenes or life scenes.

　　作用：做到情景交融，使文章充满诗情画意。

Function: Make the article poetic and picturesque.

　　5、先抑后扬：先否定或贬低事物形象，尔后深入挖掘事物特点及内在意义，再对事物予以肯定、褒扬。作用：突出强调了事物(人物)的特征。

5. First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of things, then deeply explore the characteristics and internal meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: It highlights the characteristics of things (people).

　　6、侧面(间接)描写：侧面烘托出该人物的××性格、品行和技能，使得文章结构更加集中紧凑，表达更为简洁精练。

6. Profile (indirect) description: the profile reflects the character's ×× Character, character and skills make the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.

　　直接和间接描写方法结合运用，可以使被描写的人物或景物的特点更加鲜明、突出。

The combination of direct and indirect description methods can make the characters or scenes described more distinctive and prominent.

　　7、伏笔和铺垫：作用：内容前后照应，情节严丝合缝。

7. Foreshadowing and foreshadowing: function: the content is consistent with each other, and the plot fits perfectly.

　　8、照应：记叙文：使文章浑然一体，整体感强，突出主题。

8. Note: Narrative: make the article integrated, with a strong sense of integrity, and highlight the theme.

　　议论文：强化××论点。散文：反复地抒发××情感，增加情感的深度。

Dissertation: strengthening ×× Argument. Prose: repeated expression ×× Emotion, increase the depth of emotion.

　　9、联想：由一事物想到另一事物的心理过程。

9. Association: The psychological process of thinking from one thing to another.

　　作用：丰富文章内容，使人物形象更丰满，性格更鲜明突出，情节更生动感人。

Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the character more distinctive, and the plot more vivid and moving.

　　10、想像：在原有的感性形象的基础上，创造新形象的心理过程。

10. Imagination: The psychological process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image.

　　作用：为塑造形象、表现主题服务。使读者接受美的陶冶。

Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Make readers accept the cultivation of beauty.

　　写作手法指写一首诗，使它好的所有的手法，它可以有很多方面，修辞方面，表达方式方面，表现手法方面等。

Writing techniques refer to all the techniques for writing a poem to make it good. It can have many aspects, such as rhetoric, expression, and expression techniques.

常用的表达方式：

　　1.记叙

1. Narration

　　记叙人物的经历或事情的发生、发展、变化过程。

Describe the process of occurrence, development and change of characters' experiences or events.

　　“楼船夜雪瓜洲渡，铁马秋风大散关”(陆游《书愤》)

"The tower boat crosses the Guazhou in the snow at night, and the iron horse leaves the pass in the autumn wind" (Lu You's book indignation)

　　用叙述的方式写自己亲临抗金前线的值得纪念的往事。

Write a memorable story about his coming to the front line of the Anti Jin War in narrative form.

　　描写

describe

　　用生动形象的语言对人物、事件、环境所作的具体描绘和刻画

The specific description and portrayal of people, events and environments with vivid and vivid language

　　“江月去人只数尺，风灯照夜欲三更。沙头宿鹭联拳静，船尾跳鱼拨剌鸣”(杜甫《漫成一首》)

"The moon and the river are only a few feet away, and the wind lamp is lighting the night. The heron in the sand is silent with its fists, and the fish in the stern are rattling" (Du Fu's Man Cheng Yi)

　　诗歌从水中月影写起，生动描写了白鹭曲着身子，恬静地夜宿在月照下的沙滩，船尾大鱼跃出水面而发出拔刺的响声，一动一静构成了江上月夜宁静的美景。

The poem starts from the shadow of the moon in the water. It vividly describes that egrets bend their bodies and stay quietly on the beach under the moonlight. The big fish at the stern of the boat leaps out of the water and makes a sound of pulling out their spines, which forms a quiet beauty on the river.

　　2.议论

2. Discussion

　　对人和事物的好坏、是非、价值、特点、作用等所表示的意见

Opinions on the quality, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things

　　“不是花中偏爱菊，此花开尽更无花”(元稹《菊花》)

"It's not that chrysanthemums are favored among flowers, but this flower is even more flowerless" (Yuan Zhen's Chrysanthemum)

　　这是诗的后两句，点出喜爱菊花的原因和对菊花历尽风霜而后凋的坚贞品格的赞美。

These are the last two sentences of the poem, pointing out the reasons for liking chrysanthemums and praising the steadfast character of chrysanthemums after experiencing wind and frost.

　　3.抒情

3. Lyricism

　　表达作者强烈的爱憎、好恶、喜怒、爱乐等主观感情。有直接抒情，也有间接抒情。

It expresses the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, likes and dislikes, likes and dislikes, and loves music. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.

　　“晨起动征铎，客行悲故乡。鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。槲叶落山路，枳花明驿墙。因思杜陵梦，凫雁满回塘。”(温廷筠《商山早行》)

"In the morning, when we start to levy the Holy Land, we will mourn our hometown. The sound of chickens in Maodian and the moon, the traces of people on the bridge and frost. The mistletoe leaves fall down the mountain road, and the Zhihuaming Posthouse Wall. Because of the dream of Du Lingmeng, the flying geese return to the pond full." (Wen Tingyun's Early Trip to Shangshan)

　　首联中起句以时间、事件、环境三者相互照应，写出旅客的辛劳，对句直抒诗人的感慨。“客行”与“故乡”相比较，自然生出一个“悲”字来。

In the first couplet, the sentence starts with the time, event and environment, which reflect each other and express the hardship of the passengers and the poet's feelings directly. Compared with "hometown", "guest travel" naturally generates a word of "sadness".

常用的修辞手法：

　　1.比喻

1. Metaphor

　　用一种事物或情景来比作另一种事物或情景。可分为明喻、暗喻、借喻。有突出事物特征，把抽象的事物形象化的作用。

Compare one thing or situation to another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and visualizing abstract things.

　　“遥望洞庭山水色，白银盘里一青螺”(刘禹锡《望洞庭》)

"Looking at the landscape of Dongting, there is a green snail in the silver plate" (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting")

　　诗歌巧妙地以“螺”作比，将皓月银辉下的山比做银盘里的青螺，色调淡雅，山水浑然一体。

The poem skillfully compares the "snail" with the mountain under the bright moon and silver light as the green snail in the silver plate. The color is elegant and the landscape is integrated.

　　2.借代

2. Substitution

　　借用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物。借代可用部分代表全体，具体代替抽象，用特征代替人。借代的运用使语言简练、含蓄。

Borrow relevant things to replace the things to be expressed. Metonymy can be used to represent the whole, concrete instead of abstract, and characteristics instead of people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.

　　“知否，知否?应是绿肥红瘦“(李清照《如梦令》)

"Do you know, do you know? It should be green, fat, red and thin" (Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream")

　　诗中用“绿”和“红”两种颜色分别代替叶和花，写叶的茂盛和花的凋零。

In the poem, two colors, "green" and "red", are used to replace leaves and flowers respectively, describing the flourishing of leaves and the withering of flowers.

　　3.夸张

3. Exaggeration

　　对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等作扩大或缩小的描述。有更突出、更鲜明地表达事物的作用。

Describe the image, feature, function, degree, etc. of things in an expanded or reduced way. It plays a more prominent and distinct role in expressing things.

　　“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长”(李白《秋浦歌》)

"Three thousand zhang of white hair, like a long sorrow" (Li Bai's "Autumn Puge")

　　愁生白发，诗人用夸张的手法写白发竟有“三千丈”那么长，可见愁思的深重。

Sorrow gives birth to white hair. The poet used exaggeration to write that the white hair was as long as "three thousand zhang", which shows the depth of melancholy.

　　4.对偶

4. Duality

　　用结构相同、字数相同的一对句子或短语来表达两个相对或相近的意思。从形式看，语言简练，整齐对称;从内容看，意义集中含蓄。

Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. In terms of form, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; In terms of content, the meaning is concentrated and implicit.

　　“无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来”(杜甫《登高》)

"The endless trees are falling and the Yangtze River is rolling" (Du Fu, Climbing High)

　　从篇法结构来讲，这首诗四联八句，句句皆对仗，对得圆浑自然，不见斧凿之痕。“无边落木”对“不尽长江”使诗的意境显得广阔深远，“萧萧”的落叶声对“滚滚”的水势更使人觉得气象万千。更重要的是，从这里感受到诗人韶华易逝，壮志难酬的苦痛。

From the perspective of textual structure, this poem is composed of four couplets and eight sentences, all of which are in perfect harmony. "Boundless falling trees" and "endless Yangtze River" make the artistic conception of the poem broad and far-reaching, and the sound of falling leaves "Xiao Xiao" makes people feel more magnificent to the "rolling" water. More importantly, from here, I can feel the pain of the poet's youth and ambition.

　　5.比拟

5. Comparisons

　　把物当作人来描写叫拟人，或把人当作物来描写叫拟物。比拟有促使读者产生联想，使描写的人、物、事表现的更形象、生动的作用。

The description of things as people is called personification, or the description of people as things is called mimesis. It has the function of promoting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid.

　　“霜禽欲下先偷眼，粉蝶如知合断魂”(林逋《山园小梅》)

"Frost birds steal their eyes before they want to go down. Butterflies know that they are dead" (Lin Bu's Little Plum in the Mountain Garden)

　　这一联采用拟人的手法。“先偷眼”极写白鹤爱梅之甚，它还未来得及飞下，就迫不及待地先偷看梅花几眼;“合断魂”一词写粉蝶因爱梅而至消魂，把粉蝶对梅得喜爱之情夸张到极点。

This couplet uses personification. "Stealing eyes first" is a great description of the white crane's love for plum blossoms. Before it can fly off, it can't wait to peek at plum blossoms first; The word "He Duan Soul" describes that Pink Butterfly died because of her love for Mei De, exaggerating her love for Mei De to the extreme.

　　6.排比

6. Ranking

　　把内容紧密关联、结构相同或相似、语气一致的几个句子或短语接连说出来。

Say several sentences or phrases with closely related content, the same or similar structure and the same tone one after another.

　　“枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，夕阳西风瘦马”(马致远《天净沙》)

"The withered vine, the old tree, the crow, the small bridge, the flowing water and the family, the setting sun, the westerly wind, the thin horse" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha")

　　纯用名词组合，构成典型环境

Pure noun combination to form a typical environment

　　7.设问

7. Asking questions

　　先提出问题，接着自己把看法说出。问题引入，带动全篇，中间设问，承上启下，结尾设问，深化主题，令人回味。

Ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of questions drives the whole article. Questions are set in the middle, connecting the preceding and the following, and questions are set at the end to deepen the theme, which is memorable.

　　“问人间谁是英雄?有酾酒临江，横槊曹公。”(元曲小令，阿鲁威作)

"Who is the hero in the world? There is a wine near the river, and Cao Gong is written horizontally." (Yuanqu Xiaoling, written by Aruwe)

　　以设问开篇，点明题旨，领起下面分层次地叙述三国人物的英雄业绩。

It starts with a question, points out the theme, and leads the following to describe the heroic achievements of the characters of the three countries at different levels.

　　8.反问

8. Interrogation

　　用疑问的形式表达确定的意思。用来加强语气，表达强烈感情。

Express definite meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.

　　“江东弟子今虽在，肯为君王卷土来?”(王安石《叠题乌江亭》)

"Although the disciples of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to collect earth for the king?" (Wang Anshi's "The Wujiang Pavilion")

　　使用反问句式，语气冷峻，强调了历史之必然。

The use of rhetorical questions in a cold tone emphasizes the inevitability of history.

　　9.起兴

9. Rising

　　兴是先言他物以引起所咏之辞，

Xing is to say something else first in order to arouse the chanted words,

　　“锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年”( 李商隐的《锦瑟》)

"The brocade has no reason but fifty strings, and each string is a column for the Chinese year" (Li Shangyin's "The Brocade")

　　首联用瑟这种乐器起兴，由此而思及“华年”。

In the first couplet, a musical instrument named "Chinese New Year" was used to make the first couplet.

　　表现手法：

Expression method:

　　10。用典

10。 Allusion

　　用典有用事和引用前人诗句两种。用事是借用历史故事来表达作者的思想感情，包括对现实生活中某些问题的立场和态度、个人的意绪和愿望等等，属于借古抒怀。

There are two ways to use allusions and quotations from previous poems. It refers to the use of historical stories to express the author's thoughts and feelings, including the position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes, etc., which belongs to the use of ancient words to express feelings.

　　引用或化用前人诗句目的是加深诗词中的意境，促使人联想而寻意于言外。

The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems and promote people to associate with each other and look for meaning beyond words.

　　“想当年，金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎”(辛弃疾《永遇乐京口北固亭怀古》)

"When I was young, I could fight like a horse and swallow like a tiger" (Xin Qiji, "Remembering the Past in Beigu Pavilion at Lejingkou Forever")

　　“过春风十里，尽荠麦青青”(姜夔《扬州慢》)

"The spring breeze is ten miles away, and the shepherd's purse and wheat are green" (Slow in Yangzhou, Jiang Kui)

　　这首词除了回顾作者43年前南下经历一层外，全是用事。“想当年，金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎”写的是刘裕当年北伐抗敌的英雄气概。作者借赞扬刘裕，讽刺南宋王朝主和派屈辱求和的无耻行径，表现出作者抗金的主张和恢复中原的决心。

In addition to recalling the author's experience 43 years ago, this word is all about using things. Liu Yu's heroic spirit in the Northern Expedition against the enemy was described as "like a tiger in a thousand miles". By praising Liu Yu, the author satirizes the shameless act of the Southern Song Dynasty's peace lords to humiliate and seek peace, showing the author's anti Jin proposition and determination to restore the Central Plains.

　　“春风十里”引用杜牧的诗句，表现往日扬州十里长街的繁荣景况，是虚写;“尽荠麦青青”，写词人今日所见的凄凉情形，是实写。这两幅对比鲜明的图景寄寓着词人昔盛今衰的感慨。

"Spring Wind Ten Miles" refers to Du Mu's poem, which shows the prosperity of Yangzhou's ten mile long street in the past; "All shepherd's purse and wheat are green" is a true description of the bleak situation seen by the poet today. These two contrasting pictures express the poet's feelings of prosperity in the past and decline in the present.

　　11。联想

11。 association

　　由一事物联系到与之有关的另一事物，或把事物中类似的特点联系起来造成一个典型。

Connect one thing to another related to it, or connect similar features of things to form a model.

　　“碧玉妆成一树高，万条垂下绿丝绦。不知细叶谁裁出，二月春风似剪刀。”(贺知章《咏柳》)

"The jasper is made up to be a tree high, and thousands of green silk tapers hang down. I don't know who cut the fine leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors." (He Zhizhang's Ode to the Willows)

　　诗人由柳枝的纷披下垂、婀娜多姿联想到翠绿的丝带，运用巧妙的比喻，塑造出一个别具浪漫色彩的新颖形象，一改杨柳抒离情的象征义。

The poet thinks of the green ribbon from the drooping willow branches, and uses clever metaphors to create a new image with romantic color, which changes the symbolic meaning of willow expressing separation.

　　12。想象

12。 imagine

　　人们在已有材料和观念基础上，经过联想、推断、分析、综合，创造出新的观念的思维过程。

The thinking process in which people create new ideas based on existing materials and ideas through association, inference, analysis and synthesis.

　　“湖光秋月两相和，潭面无风镜未磨。遥望洞庭山水色，白银盘里一青螺。”(刘禹锡的《望洞庭》)

"The lake is in harmony with the autumn moon. There is no wind mirror on the surface of the lake. Looking at the landscape of Dongting from a distance, there is a green snail in the silver plate." (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at the Dongting Court")

　　这首诗选择了月夜遥望的角度，通过极富想象力的描写，将洞庭的湖光山色别出心裁地再现于纸上。

This poem chooses the perspective of moonlit night, and through imaginative description, the scenery of Dongting Lake and Mountain is reproduced on paper with originality.

　　13。虚实结合

13。 selective focus

　　是指现实的景、事与想象的景、事互相映衬，交织一起表达同一样的情感。

It refers to the reality of the scene, things and imagine the scene, things set off each other, intertwined together to express the same emotion.

　　寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝咽。……(柳永《雨霖铃》)

The cicada is chilly, and the night before the Changting Pavilion, the rain has just stopped. Drink in Dumen's tent without thread, and the Lan boat in the place of nostalgia hastens. Holding hands and looking at the tears, there was no words to coagulate the pharynx (Liu Yong's "The Raining Bell")

　　上片除“念去去千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔”外，写的都是眼前实景实事实情，写词人和心爱的人不忍分别又不得不别的心情，是实写;下片写对别后生活的设想，是虚写，着意描绘词人孤独寂寞的心情。虚实结合，淋漓尽致写出了离别的依依不舍。

In addition to "Read to go to thousands of miles of smoke waves, and the evening mist is deep and clear", the last film is about the real situation in front of us. The writer and the beloved can't bear to part but have to feel different. It is a real story; The next piece is about the vision of life after parting, which is a virtual description of the poet's lonely mood. The combination of falsehood and reality vividly describes the reluctance to part.

　　14.衬托或烘托

14. Set off or foil

　　指的是以乙托甲，使甲的特点或特质更加突出。有正衬和反衬两种。

It refers to using Party B to support Party A, so as to make the characteristics or characteristics of Party A more prominent. There are positive and negative linings.

　　“大江东去，浪淘尽、千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是、三国周郎赤壁。”(苏轼《念奴娇 • 赤壁怀古》)

"The river is going to the east, the waves are gone, the heroes of the ages are gone. To the west of the old stronghold, humanity is, the Three Kingdoms Zhou Lang Chibi." (Su Shi, "Chanting Nujiao, Remembering the Past in Red Cliff")

　　“今夜鄜州月，闺中只独看。遥怜小儿女，未解亿长安。香雾云鬟湿，清辉玉臂寒。何时倚虚幌，双照泪痕干。(杜甫《月夜》)

"Tonight, I can only look at the moon in Fuzhou. I pity my children from afar, but I don't know how to live in Chang'an. The fragrant clouds and servant girls are wet, and the jade arms are cold. When to lean on the false mask, and look at the tears dry. (Du Fu's Moonlight Night)

　　这首词要塑造的人物形象是周瑜，却从“千古风流人物”写起，由此引出赤壁之战时的“多少豪杰”，最后才集中为周瑜一人，突出了周瑜在作者心中的主要地位。

The character to be portrayed in this poem is Zhou Yu, but it starts from "heroes of the ages", which leads to "many heroes" during the Battle of Chibi, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu alone, highlighting Zhou Yu's main position in the author's mind.

　　颔联、颈联写妻子的美丽，反衬诗人惆怅痛苦的心情。

The beauty of his wife written in the jaw and neck couplets sets off the poet's melancholy and painful mood.

　　15.渲染

15. Rendering

　　对环境、景物作多方面的描写形容，以突出形象，加强艺术效果。

Describe the environment and scenery in many aspects to highlight the image and enhance the artistic effect.

　　“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回”，(杜甫《登高》)

"The wind is strong and the apes howl and mourn in the sky, and the white birds fly back from the sand on the clear shore", (Du Fu, Climbing High)

　　首联俯仰所见所闻，一连出现六个特写镜头，渲染秋江景物的特点。

In the first couplet, six close-up shots were taken to highlight the characteristics of Qiujiang scenery.

　　16.象征

16. Symbolism

　　通过特定的、容易引起联想的具体形象，表现与之相似或相近特点的概念、思想和感情。

The concepts, thoughts and feelings that are similar or similar to them are expressed through specific images that are easy to cause association.

　　“青山似欲留人住，百匝千遭绕郡城”(李德裕《登崖州城作》)

"The green mountains seem to want people to live in, and hundreds of turns are surrounded by the county city" (Li Deyu's "Climbing the Cliff City")

　　这两句描写青山环绕，层峦叠嶂，自己所处的郡城正在严密封锁，重重阻隔之中。象征了自己被政敌迫害的景况，书写思归不得的忧伤。

These two sentences describe the green mountains surrounded by mountains and mountains, and the county and city where I am located are tightly blocked. It symbolizes the situation of being persecuted by political enemies, and writes the sadness of not thinking back.

　　17.对比对照

17. Comparison

　　把两种不同的事物或情形作对照，互相比较。

Compare two different things or situations with each other.

　　“越王勾践破吴归，战士还家尽锦衣。宫女如花满春殿，只今惟有鹧鸪飞。”(李白《越中览古》)

"Gou Jian, the king of Yue, broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home in fine clothes. The palace maids were full of flowers, but only partridges were flying today." (Li Bai's View of the Ancient Times in Yuezhong)

　　前三句描写昔日繁荣和最后一句描写今日冷落凄凉形成强烈的对比，使读者感受特别深切，其中蕴含着诗人深沉的历史思考。

The first three sentences describe the past prosperity and the last one describes today's desolation, forming a strong contrast, which makes readers feel particularly deep, and contains the poet's deep historical thinking.

　　18.抑扬

18. Inhibition

　　把要贬抑否定的方面和要肯定的方面同时说出来，只突出强调其中一个方面以达到抑此扬彼或抑彼扬此的目的。有先扬后抑和先抑后扬之分。

Speak out the negative aspect to be belittled and the positive aspect at the same time, and highlight only one aspect to achieve the purpose of suppressing this and promoting the other. There are two types: first promote and then suppress, and first suppress and then promote.

　　“闺中少妇不知愁，春日凝妆上高楼。忽见陌头杨柳色，悔教夫婿觅封侯。”(王昌龄《闺怨》)

"The young lady in her boudoir has no worries. In spring, she went up to the tall building with makeup. Suddenly, she saw the willow color on the street. She regretted teaching her husband to find a marquis." (Wang Changling's Grievance)

　　这首诗采用先扬后抑的手法，先写少妇“不知愁”，后面才说她“悔”，通过对少妇情绪微妙变化的刻画，深刻表现了少妇因触景而产生的感伤和哀怨的情绪，突出了“闺怨”的主题。

This poem uses the technique of "promoting first and suppressing later". It first describes the young woman's "ignorance of sorrow", and then says she "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes in young women's emotions, it deeply expresses the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene, and highlights the theme of "boudoir resentment".

　　19.照应

19. Care

　　指诗中对前面所写的作必要的回答。恰当运用这种方法使结构显得紧凑、严谨。

It refers to the necessary answer to the previous writing in the poem. Proper application of this method makes the structure compact and rigorous.

　　楚江微雨里，建业暮钟时。漠漠帆来重，冥冥鸟去迟。(韦应物《赋得暮雨送李胄》)

In the drizzle of Chu River, Jianye is at dusk. The desert sails are heavy, but the nether birds are late. (Wei Yingwu's "Give Li Zhou the Evening Rain")

　　首联两句写黄昏时分诗人伫立在细雨蒙蒙的江边，这里点明了诗题中的“暮雨”，又照应了诗题中的“送”字。

The first two lines of the couplet write that the poet stands by the drizzly river at dusk, which points out the word "rain at dusk" in the poem title, as well as the word "send" in the poem title.

　　20.动静

20. Dynamic and static

　　对事物、景物作动态、静态的描写，两者相互映衬，构成一种情趣。

The dynamic and static description of things and scenery forms a kind of interest.

　　沙头宿鸟联拳静，船尾跳鱼拔剌鸣。 (杜甫《漫成一首》)

The birds in the sand are still with their fists, and the fish in the stern are singing. (Du Fu's Man Cheng Yi)

　　第四句鱼跳的“动”更衬托出前三句景物的“静”。

The "movement" of the fish jump in the fourth sentence sets off the "stillness" of the first three scenes.

　　21.正侧描写

21. Front and side description

　　对描写对象进行正面的直接的描写是正面描写;描写对象周围的事物，使对象更鲜明、突出的是侧面描写。

The direct and positive description of the object is positive description; Describe the things around the object, so that the object is more distinctive and prominent is the side description.

　　“一树春风千万枝，嫩于黄金软于丝。永丰西角荒园里，尽日无人属阿谁?”(白居易《杨柳枝词》

"A tree has thousands of spring wind branches, which are tender than gold and soft than silk. In the wasteland at the west corner of Yongfeng, no one belongs to him all day long." (Bai Juyi's "Yang Liu Zhi Ci"

　　“大漠风尘日色昏，红旗半卷出辕门。前军夜战洮河北，已报生擒吐谷浑。”(王昌龄《从军行》)

"The desert is dusty and the sun is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of the shaft. The former army fought in Taohe River at night, and has reported to capture Tuyuhun alive." (Wang Changling, "Follow the Army")

　　白诗第一、二句运用正面描写的手法，描写了春天柳树的娇美形态。

The first and second sentences of Bai's poem describe the beautiful shape of willows in spring by means of positive description.

　　王诗第二句侧面描写战况，一方面诗风势很大，卷起红旗便于急行军，另一方面势高度戒备，不事张扬，把战事的紧张状态突现出来。

The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the war situation in a lateral way. On the one hand, the poem has a great momentum, which makes it easy to roll up the red flag for quick march. On the other hand, the poem is highly alert and does not make public, highlighting the tense state of the war.

　　22.直抒胸臆

22. Express one's mind

　　即景抒怀，表达诗人面对自然景象所产生的富有哲理性的思想。

Lying on the spot, expressing the poet's philosophical thoughts in the face of natural scenes.

　　“白日依山尽，黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。”(王之涣《登鹳雀楼》)

"The day is close to the mountain, and the Yellow River flows into the sea. If you want to look a thousand miles away, you can go even further." (Wang Zhihuan, Climbing the Stork Tower)

　　前两句写景，后两句直接抒发在这样的环境里产生的情怀，天然的形势、阔大的气象与诗人在这景象面前产生的富有哲理的思想融合在一起。

The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. The natural situation, broad weather and the poet's philosophical ideas in front of this scene are integrated.

　　23.借景抒情(融情于景)

23. Lying by scenery (blending feelings with scenery)

　　诗人要表达的思想感情正面不着一字，全然寓于眼前的自然景象之中，借自然景物抒发感情。

The thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express are not a word in front of him. They are completely embedded in the natural scene in front of him and express his feelings through the natural scenery.

　　“孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流”(李白《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》)

"A lone sail casts its shadow in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows across the sky" (Li Bai, "The Yellow Crane Tower sends Meng Haoran to Guangling")

　　故人的身影越来越远，最后完全消失，滚滚的江水有如对友人的不断思念。

The figure of the old man became more and more distant, and finally disappeared completely. The rolling river was like a constant yearning for friends.

　　24.托物言志

24. Express one's will by asking for things

　　在描摹事物以尽其妙的基础上融入作者的感情，寄托作者的心志。

On the basis of tracing things to the best of their ability, they blend into the author's feelings and express the author's will.

　　“一树春风千万枝，嫩于黄金软于丝。永丰西园荒园里，尽日无人属阿谁?”(白居易《杨柳枝词》)

"A tree has thousands of spring wind branches, which are tender than gold and soft than silk. Nobody belongs to him in the wasteland of Yongfeng West Garden all day long." (Bai Juyi's "Yang Liu Zhi Ci")

　　托物言志，写柳树独出荒园无人观赏，抒发人才被埋没的感概。

It expresses one's ambition to express the sense that talents are buried.

　　25.意象

25. Image

　　意象，就是诗中熔铸了作者思想情感的事物。

Image is the thing in the poem that has cast the author's thoughts and feelings.

　　“缺月挂疏桐，漏断人初静。谁见幽人独往来?飘渺孤鸿影。惊起却回头，有恨无人省，寂寞沙洲冷。”(苏轼的《卜算子黄州定慧院寓居作》)

"When the moon is short, the trees will be scattered, and people will be quiet for the first time. Who can see the lonely people coming and going alone? The ethereal lonely swan shadow. When I start up, I will turn back. I hate nobody, and the lonely sandbar is cold." (Su Shi's "Bu Operator's Residence in Huangzhou Dinghui Academy")

　　词中“缺月” 、“疏桐”、“幽人”、“孤鸿”、“寒枝”等就是意象。

In the words, "lacking the moon", "sparse tung trees", "quiet people", "solitary swan", "cold branches" and so on are the images.

　　26.意境

26. Artistic Conception

　　作者通过丰富的想象，将思想感情与作品的生活图景融为一体而形成的艺术境界。这是诗人的主观感受、感情以及对生活的理解、认识和客观事物的外在形貌特征以及内在的意蕴的融合统一。

Through rich imagination, the author combines his thoughts and feelings with the life picture of his works to form an artistic realm. This is the integration of the poet's subjective feelings, feelings, understanding and understanding of life, the external appearance and characteristics of objective things, and the internal meaning.

　　“缺月挂疏桐，漏断人初静。谁见幽人独往来?飘渺孤鸿影。惊起却回头，有恨无人省，寂寞沙洲冷。”(苏轼的《卜算子黄州定慧院寓居作》)

　　如上例的意象与“独”、“缥缈”、“恨”、“寂寞”、“冷” 等词的感情色彩和“拣尽寒枝不肯栖”这个具有象征意味的诗句结合起来构成了孤独、凄凉的气氛，但诗人的心念却非常坚定，表达的是作者孤高自赏，不与愿与世俗同流的生活态度。

For example, the image of the above example combined with the emotional color of words such as "alone", "ethereal", "hate", "lonely", "cold" and the symbolic poem of "choosing all the cold branches and refusing to live" to form a lonely and desolate atmosphere, but the poet's mind was very firm, expressing the author's lonely and self-centered attitude towards life and not willing to go with the secular world.

记叙文常用写作手法

　　文章中的写作手法、表现手法之类的题，是阅读写作中我们经常失分的题目，究其原因，主要是学生们什么是写作手法、什么是表现手法不清楚，不明白，因而在做题的时候觉得无从下手。今把各种写作手法和表现手法罗列到下面。写作手法和表现手法的作用也附到后面，供大家参考。