外国文学常识大全【通用5篇】

内容导航

1.德国、俄国(苏联)文学2.法国文学3.希腊文学4.英国文学5.其他国家文学

1.德国、俄国(苏联)文学

　　(1)歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，诗剧《浮士德》。

(1) Goethe, the representative of the highest achievements of German literature. His main works include epistolary novel The Worry of Young Werther and poetic drama Faust.

　　(2)席勒，诗人，剧作家。主要作品有《阴谋与爱情》(剧本)、《欢乐颂》(诗)。

(2) Schiller is a poet and playwright. His main works are Conspiracy and Love (screenplay) and Ode to Joy (poem).

　　(3)海涅，诗人，政论家。主要作品有《西里西亚的纺织工人》、《德国，一个冬天的童话》。

(3) Heine is a poet and political commentator. His main works are Textile Workers in Silesia and Germany, A Winter's Fairy Tale.

　　(4)普希金，伟大诗人。主要作品有抒情诗《自由颂》，叙事诗《青铜骑士》，长篇诗体小说《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》，童话诗《渔夫和金鱼的故事》等。对19世纪俄国文学的发展起了开创和奠基的作用，是俄罗斯文学语言的典范，享有世界声誉。

(4) Pushkin, a great poet. His main works include the lyric poem "Ode to Freedom", the narrative poem "Bronze Knight", the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin", and the fairy tale poem "The story of fisherman and goldfish". It has played a pioneering and founding role in the development of Russian literature in the 19th century. It is a model of Russian literary language and enjoys world reputation.

　　(5)果戈理，19世纪俄国最优秀的讽刺作家，批判现实主义文学的奠基人。主要作品有讽刺喜剧《钦差大臣》，长篇小说《死魂灵》。

(5) Gogol, the most outstanding Russian satirist in the 19th century, is the founder of critical realism literature. His main works include the satirical comedy Imperial Envoy and the novel Dead Souls.

　　(6)屠格涅夫，主要作品有长篇小说《罗亭》、《父与子》、《贵族之家》，散文故事集《猎人笔记》，中篇小说《木木》。《猎人笔记》描写农奴的悲惨生活，抨击农奴制度，被誉为“一部点燃火种的书”。

(6) Turgenev's main works include the novels Luo Ting, Father and Son, Aristocratic Family, the collection of prose stories Hunter's Notes, and the novella Wood. The Hunter's Notes describes the miserable life of the serfs and attacks the serfdom. It is known as "a book that ignites fire".

　　(7)列夫·托尔斯泰，杰出的现实主义作家。主要作品有长篇小说《战争与和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《复活》等。列宁称列夫·托尔斯泰为“俄国革命的一面镜子”。

(7) Leo Tolstoy is an outstanding realistic writer. His main works include novels War and Peace, Anna Karenina, Resurrection, etc. Lenin called Leo Tolstoy "a mirror of the Russian revolution".

　　(8)契诃夫，作家。主要作品有短篇小说《小公务员之死》、《变色龙》、《套中人》，中篇小说《第六病室》，剧本《海鸥》、《万尼亚舅舅》、《三姊妹》。他是俄罗斯惟一以短篇小说创作登上世界文坛高峰的作家。

(8) Chekhov is a writer. His main works include short stories The Death of a Small Civil Servant, The Chameleon, The Dweller, the novella The Sixth Ward, and plays Seagull, Uncle Vanya, and Three Sisters. He is the only Russian writer who has reached the peak of the world literary world with his short story creation.

　　(9)高尔基，无产阶级伟大作家。主要作品有自传体三部曲《童年》、《在人间》、《我的大学》，长篇小说《母亲》，散文诗《海燕》等。列宁称之为“无产阶级艺术的最杰出代表”，称《母亲》是一部“非常及时的书”。

(9) Gorky, a great proletarian writer. His main works include autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth, My University, novel Mother, prose poem Haiyan, etc. Lenin called it "the most outstanding representative of proletarian art", and called Mother a "very timely book".

　　(10)奥斯特洛夫斯基，主要作品有《钢铁是怎样炼成的》。

(10) Ostrovsky's main work is How Steel Was Tempered.

2.法国文学

　　(1)莫里哀，伟大的喜剧家，是世界喜剧作家中成就最高者之一。主要作品有《伪君子》、《悭吝人》(又称《吝啬鬼》)等共37部喜剧。他的作品鞭挞了封建制度和丑恶势力，是世界喜剧中最出色的作品。

(1) Moliere, a great comedian, is one of the most accomplished comedians in the world. His main works include 37 comedies, such as "The hypocrite", "The miser" (also known as "The miser"). His works castigate feudal system and ugly forces, and are the best works in the world comedy.

　　(2)雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲惨世界》写的是失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓进监狱，后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害的故事。

(2) Hugo, a great writer, is the most outstanding representative of European romantic literature in the 19th century. His main novels include Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, The Smiling Man, The Ninth Three Years, etc. Les Miserables is a story about Jean Valjean, an unemployed temporary worker, who was caught in prison for stealing a piece of bread, then changed his name and became an entrepreneur and mayor, but he could not escape persecution.

　　(3)司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作《红与黑》，写的是不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断头台的故事。“红”是将军服色，指“入军界”的道路;“黑”是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。

(3) Stendhal is a critical realist writer. The representative work Red and Black is about the story of a young civilian who was dissatisfied with the feudal system, Yu Lian, who made every effort to climb up and was finally sent to the guillotine. "Red" is the color of the general's uniform, referring to the road of "entering the military"; "Black" refers to the way to be a priest or bishop.

　　(4)巴尔扎克，19世纪上半叶法国和欧洲批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。主要作品有《人间喜剧》，包括《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。《人间喜剧》是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称其“提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。

(4) Balzac was an outstanding representative of French and European critical realism literature in the first half of the 19th century. His main works include "Human Comedy", including "Old Man Gao", "Eugenie Grandet", "Aunt", "Uncle Bones", etc. Human Comedy is one of the most magnificent creations in the world literature, and also one of the most brilliant achievements of human thinking and labor. Marx said that it "provided a remarkable realistic history of French society, especially the upper class society in Paris".

　　(5)都德，着名作家。主要作品有长篇小说代表作《小东西》等，短篇小说有《最后一课》、《柏林之围》等。与福楼拜、左拉、龚古尔、屠格涅夫组成文学社团“五人聚餐会”。

(5) Dude is a famous writer. His main works include the representative novel Little Things, and his short stories include The Last Lesson, The Perimeter of Berlin, etc. Together with Flaubert, Zola, Gonggur and Turgenev, they formed a literary association "Five People Dinner".

　　(6)莫泊桑，被称为“短篇小说巨匠”。主要作品有长篇小说《一生》、《俊友》，短篇小说《羊脂球》、《我的叔叔于勒》、《项链》。

(6) Maupassant, known as the "master of short stories". His main works include the novel Life, Junyou, the short story Ball of Sheep Fat, My Uncle Hule and Necklace.

　　(7)欧仁·鲍狄埃，工人诗人。主要作品有《国际歌》(工人作曲家比尔·狄盖特谱曲)，列宁说他是“一位最伟大的用歌作为工具的宣传家”。

(7) Eugene Bautier, a worker poet. His main works are Internationale (composed by worker composer Bill Digate). Lenin said that he was "the greatest propagandist who used songs as a tool".

　　(8)罗曼·罗兰，作家，诺贝尔文学奖获得者。主要作品有长篇小说《约翰·克利斯朵夫》，描写的是一个以个人奋斗来反抗社会的艺术家的悲剧人物(以贝多芬为原型)。

(8) Roman Roland is a writer and Nobel Prize winner in literature. His main works include the novel "John Christophe", which describes the tragic character of an artist who fights against society with personal struggle (based on Beethoven).

3.希腊文学

　　(1)宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。

(1) Zeus (called Jupiter in Roman mythology), the highest god in Greek mythology, is in charge of thunder, cloud and rain, and is the master of people and gods.

　　(2)阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的少年形象出现。

(2) Apollo, the son of Zeus in Greek mythology, was in charge of light, youth, music, poetry, etc. He often appeared as a young man holding a bow and arrow.

　　(3)雅典娜，希腊神话中的智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。

(3) Athena, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, is the patron saint of Athens.

　　(4)潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人，貌美性诈。私自打开了宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。“潘多拉的盒子”成为“祸灾的来源”的同义语。

(4) Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology, is beautiful and deceitful. He opened a box sent to her by Zeus without permission. All the disasters in it, such as disease, madness, evil and jealousy, flew out together. Only hope remained at the bottom of the box, so the world was full of disasters. "Pandora's Box" is synonymous with "the source of disaster".

　　(5)普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食，是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。

(5) Prometheus, the god who benefits the world in Greek mythology. He stole the heavenly fire and brought it to the world, and taught people many kinds of skills. He angered Zeus, was locked on the Caucasian cliff, and was pecked by eagles. He was a hero who fought against violence and sacrificed everything for mankind.

　　(6)斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪，与埃及狮身人面像同名。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害，后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻“谜”一样的人物。

(6) Sphinx, the female monster in Greek mythology, has the same name as the Egyptian Sphinx. They often ask passers-by to guess a riddle, but they can't guess that they are about to kill a pedestrian. Later, because the answer to the riddle was broken by Oedipus, they committed suicide. Later, it often refers to people like "riddles".

　　(7)荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品有《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，被称为荷马史诗。《伊利亚特》叙述十年特洛伊战争。《奥德赛》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它“显示出永久的魅力”。

(7) Homer, an ancient Greek blind poet. His main works are Iliad and Odyssey, known as Homer's Epic. Iliad describes the ten year Trojan War. The Odyssey tells the story of the Greek hero Odyssey who returned home after the Trojan War. Marx praised it as "showing permanent charm".

4.英国文学

　　(1)莎士比亚，文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家和诗人。主要作品有剧本37部，悲剧有《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。

(1) Shakespeare, the great playwright and poet of the Renaissance. His main works include 37 plays, including Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, etc. Tragedies include The Merchant of Venice, The Twelfth Night, Everyone Is Happy, etc. Historical plays include Richard II, Henry IV, etc. Marx called it "the greatest dramatic genius of mankind".

　　(2)笛福，着名小说家。主要作品有《鲁滨逊漂流记》，描写的是资产阶级上升时期的英雄。

(2) Defoe is a famous novelist. His main works are Robinson Crusoe, which describes the heroes in the rising bourgeoisie.

　　(3) 拜伦，伟大诗人。代表作诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击了欧洲反动的封建势力。

(3) Byron, a great poet. Don Juan, the representative poetic novel, criticizes the reactionary feudal forces in Europe through the experiences of young aristocrat Don Juan.

　　(4)雪莱，积极浪漫主义诗人。主要作品有诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情诗《西风颂》、《云雀颂》、《自由颂》等。诗剧表达了反抗专制统治的斗争必将胜利的信念。他是浪漫主义诗人最优秀的代表之一，欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一。

(4) Shelley is an active romantic poet. His main works include poetic drama Prometheus Liberated, lyric poem Ode to the West Wind, Ode to the Skylark, Ode to Freedom, etc. The poetic drama expresses the belief that the struggle against autocratic rule will win. He is one of the most outstanding representatives of Romantic poets, and one of the earliest poets in the history of European literature who praised utopian socialism.

　　(5)狄更斯，作家。主要作品有长篇小说《大卫·科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》、《双城记》。《双城记》揭露资产阶级的贪婪、伪善和司法、行政机构的腐败，是英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表。

(5) Dickens, writer. His main novels are David Copperfield, Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities, which exposes the greed and hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie and the corruption of judicial and administrative institutions, is an important representative of British critical realism literature.

　　(6)柯南道尔，作家。主要作品有侦探小说《福尔摩斯探案集》，是世界上最着名的侦探小说。

(6) Conan Doyle is a writer. His main works include the detective novel Sherlock Holmes, which is the most famous detective novel in the world.

　　(7)肖伯纳，戏剧家。主要作品有《华伦夫人的职业》、《鳏夫的房产》、《巴巴拉少校》、《苹果车》等，揭露了资本主义社会的伪善和罪恶，同情工人阶级。

(7) Bernard Shaw is a dramatist. His main works include Lady Warren's Career, Widower's House, Major Barbara, and Apple Car, which expose the hypocrisy and evil of capitalist society and sympathize with the working class.

5.其他国家文学

　　(1)但丁，意大利人，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。主要作品有叙事长诗《神曲》，由地狱、炼狱、天堂三部分组成。《神曲》以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。

(1) Dante, an Italian, is a great poet and a pioneer of the Renaissance. Engels called him "the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era". His main works include the long narrative poem "Divine Comedy", which consists of three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven. Divine Comedy, in the form of fantasy, depicts Dante getting lost and being guided to three worlds. In hell, I saw corrupt officials punished, in the Pure World, I saw people who were greedy for money and other minor crimes, and in heaven, I saw noble souls such as martyrs.

　　(2)薄伽丘，意大利人，文艺复兴时期的重要作家，人文主义的重要代表。主要作品有短篇小说集《十日谈》。

(2) Boccaccio, an Italian, was an important writer in the Renaissance and an important representative of humanism. His main works include the collection of short stories, Decameron.

　　(3)塞万提斯，西班牙人。主要作品《堂吉诃德》，描写堂吉诃德和侍从桑乔·潘萨的冒险经历，揭露封建势力的丑恶，讽刺骑士制度和骑士文学，是欧洲最早的优秀现实主义长篇小说。

(3) Cervantes, Spanish. The main work, Don Quixote, describes the adventures of Don Quixote and his attendant Sancho Penza, exposes the ugliness of feudal forces, satirizes the chivalry system and chivalry literature, and is the earliest outstanding realistic novel in Europe.

　　(4)安徒生，丹麦童话作家。主要作品有《丑小鸭》、《皇帝的新装》、《卖火柴的小女孩》等。

(4) Andersen is a Danish fairy tale writer. His main works include The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Little Match Girl, etc.

　　(5)密茨凯维支，波兰杰出诗人，被誉为“飞禽之王——鹰”。主要作品《青春颂》，被誉为波兰青年的“马赛曲”。

(5) Mizkiewicz, an outstanding poet in Poland, is known as the "King of Birds - Eagle". The main work "Ode to Youth" is known as the "Marseillaise" of Polish youth.

　　(6)裴多菲，匈牙利人，19世纪最优秀的积极浪漫主义诗人。主要作品有《民族之歌》、《反对国王》等。

(6) Pei Duofei, a Hungarian, was the best active romantic poet in the 19th century. His main works include Song of the Nation, Against the King, etc.

　　(7)易卜生，挪威戏剧家，“问题剧”的代表作家。主要作品有《玩偶之家》、《国民公敌》等20多个剧本。

(7) Ibsen, a Norwegian dramatist, is the representative writer of "problem drama". His main works include more than 20 plays, such as Home of Dolls and National Enemies.

　　(8) 惠特曼，美国伟大诗人，主要作品有诗集《草叶集》。他打破传统诗的格律，首创自由体新诗。

(8) Whitman, a great American poet, whose main works are the collection of poems, Leaves of Grass. He broke the rhythm of traditional poetry and initiated free style new poetry.

　　(9)马克·吐温，美国作家。主要作品有长篇讽刺小说《镀金时代》，儿童文学《汤姆·索亚历险记》，短篇小说《竞选州长》、《百万英镑》等。他的作品对资本主义的现实认识不断深化，由轻松的幽默转向了辛辣的讽刺。

(9) Mark Twain is an American writer. His main works include the satirical novel The Gilded Age, the children's literature The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the short story Running for Governor, Million Pounds, etc. His works have deepened their understanding of the reality of capitalism, from light humor to acrid irony.

　　(10) 欧·亨利，美国短篇小说家。主要作品有《麦琪的礼物》、《警察与赞美诗》、《最后一片藤叶》等，约300篇，被誉为“美国生活幽默的百科全书”。

(10) O. Henry is an American short story writer. His main works include "The Gift of Maggie", "Police and Hymn", "The Last Vine Leaf", etc., with about 300 articles, which is known as "the encyclopedia of American life humor".

　　(11)海明威，美国作家，诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作中篇小说《老人与海》，描写一个老渔夫与鲨鱼搏斗的故事，表现“人的能耐可以达到什么程度，描写人的灵魂的尊严”。

(11) Hemingway, American writer, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature. His representative novella, The Old Man and the Sea, depicts the story of an old fisherman fighting with a shark, showing "how much human ability can reach, and describing the dignity of human soul".

　　(12)小林多喜二，日本作家，日本无产阶级文学的奠基者。代表作中篇小说《蟹工船》，描写渔工悲惨的生活和觉醒、斗争。

(12) Kobayashi Tokiji, a Japanese writer, is the founder of Japanese proletarian literature. His masterpiece novella Crab Boat describes the miserable life, awakening and struggle of fishermen.

　　(13)泰戈尔，印度诗人，小说家，剧作家，是亚洲第一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者。诗集有《飞鸟集》、《新月集》，长篇小说《沉船》等。他的《人民的意志》一诗被定为印度国歌。

(13) Tagore, an Indian poet, novelist and playwright, is the first winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in Asia. Poetry collections include Stray Birds, Crescent Moon, and the novel Sunken Ship. His poem "The Will of the People" was chosen as the national anthem of India.